1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

The right to education is one of the fundamental rights of children. Kindergartens are places where children develop their abilities, talents and skills from their earliest age. Every child has the right to realize their full potential, regardless of where they grow up. And this is where the civil engineers have a big responsibility to build a good kindergarten and give it to as a gift for nation. The frame structure constructions are nowadays very popular owing to their advantages over conventional Concrete and Steel constructions. Concrete structures are bulky and impart more seismic weight and less deflection whereas Steel structures instruct more deflections and ductility to the structure, which is beneficial in resisting earthquake forces. Composite Construction combines the better properties of both steel and concrete along with lesser cost, speedy construction, fire protection etc. Hence the aim of the present study is to compare seismic performance of RC Frame, Steel and Composite building frame situated in earthquake zone. All frames are designed for same gravity loadings. The RC frame slab is used in all three cases. Beam and column sections are made of either RC frame, Steel or steel concrete composite sections. Equivalent static method and Response Spectrum method are used for seismic analysis. Structural design, in general, aims at achieving structures that satisfy safety criteria, serviceability and durability under specified service conditions. Since uncertainty is ubiquitous in engineering design, incorporation of uncertainties in engineering design is essentially required [1]. Reliability analysis offers the theoretical framework for considering uncertainties in engineering decision scheme [2]. Reliability can be defined as the probability that a structure or system can perform a required function under specified service conditions during a given period of time [3]. Conversely, the failure probability (or probability of failure) is the probability that a structure does not perform satisfactorily within a given period of time and stated conditions. The proposes of this paper are threefold. The first is to outline a development of the structural design philosophies precisely the limit state method, then focus on its design calculation and finally come out with a computing design analysis.1. Characteristic and future development of RC Frame structure1.1 Feature and advantage of frame structureToday the reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used modern building materials, used in big quantities all over the world. We can cast the fresh concrete into almost any shape which is a very significant advantage of this material. however, its limited tension resistance prevented its wide use in building construction. To overcome this weakness, steel bars are embedded in concrete to form a composite material called reinforced concrete. The worldwide use of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing steel as well as the concrete ingredients. Unlike steel, concrete production does not require expensive manufacturing mills. Concrete construction, does, however, require a certain level of technology, expertise, and workmanship, particularly in the field during construction. [4] Reinforced concrete (RC) frames consist of horizontal elements (beams) and vertical elements (columns) connected by rigid joints. These structures are cast monolithically - that is, beams and columns are cast in a single operation in order to act in unison. RC frames provide resistance to both gravity and lateral loads through bending in beams and columns. These structures have the following advantages: [5]1. Speedy construction due to simplicity in geometry, because they consist of only columns and beams or partially by the floor slab as main structural elements.2. Very rigid and stable: able to resist tremendous vertical (dead loads) and lateral loads (wind loads).3. Reduced dead load: absence of thick shear walls.4. Roofed over at an earlier stage: every floor slab being finished becomes a cover toprotect the lower floors from sun and rain.5. Flexible utilization of space.6. Off-site preparation possible: especially for prefabricated construction using precast concreteor structure steel elements.7. Easy to design structurally including computer design, again due to its simple geometry. [6]1.2 RC Frame structure development trendNowadays the construction industry is developing fast along with the gradual increase of multi-story and high-rise buildings. Reinforced concrete frame structure is its main form. Although its steel and cement use are relatively large and the cost is higher than that of hybrid structure, but the beam and columns have very good load bearing. The wall only functions as a partition and enclosure. Partition brings flexibility for the size of rooms, door and windows. People can make full use of the space according to their preferences, meeting different requirements of users in use. Therefore, frame structure houses are more and more popular. The frame structure is a load-bearing system composed of beams and columns. The main beam, columns and foundation form a plane frame, and each plane frame is connected by a connecting beam to form a frame system. [7]The biggest feature of the frame structure is that there is a clear division of the loads between load- bearing members and secondary members. The internal and external walls of the building are very flexible and have a wide range of applications. Although this structural form appeared earlier, it did not develop rapidly until the emergence of steel and reinforced concrete. According to the direction of the frame arrangement, the frame system can be divided into three types: horizontal arrangement, vertical arrangement, and vertical and horizontal arrangement. The horizontal arrangement is the transverse arrangement of the main beam along the building, and the floor and connecting beams are arranged longitudinally. It has the advantage of good lateral stiffness of the structure, and it is actually used more. The longitudinal arrangement is the opposite of the horizontal arrangement, the lateral stiffness is poor, and the application is less. The vertical and horizontal arrangement is a load-bearing frame in both the vertical and horizontal directions of the building. [8]1.3 Factors and scope of selection of framework structure system(1) Consider factors like structure tallness and aspect proportion, seismic stronghold class,seismic fortress power, and site conditions.(2) The frame structure system is an optional structure system between the masonry structure and the frame-shear wall structure. The design of the frame structure should conform to the principles of safety and application, advanced technology, economical rationality, and ease of construction (structural design principles).(3) Non-seismic design for multi-story and high-rise buildings. In seismic design, multi-story and small high-rise buildings are generally used for frame structures.(4) Due to the poor lateral stiffness of the frame structure, it is not appropriate to design a high frame structure in the seismic area. Bangladesh was mapped dividing into three generalized seismic zones in BNBC 1993. The seismic zoning map is revised in the proposed BNBC 2010 with provisions for four seismic zones with different level of ground motion. Each zone has a seismic zone coefficient (Z) which represents the maximum considered peak ground acceleration (PGA) on very stiff soil/rock (site class SA) in units of g (acceleration due to gravity) The northeastern folded regions of Bangladesh are the most active zones and has a maximum PGA value of 0.36 g. [9]2. Design calculation method of RC framework structure 2.1 Seismic Design of Moment-opposing RC Frame structuresThe presentation of building built up substantial casing structure falls apart progressively with time or quake harm. In the first place, the constitutive connection of the material crumbling, the consumption rate-based constitutive connection of support, and the slip constitutive connection considering the erosion of the built up concrete are presented. At that point, it is inserted in the seismic limit model of built up substantial edge structure, and a powerful assessment model for seismic execution is set up. [10](1) Use structures that can't hinder or store enormous amounts of risky or harmful substances during or after a quake. When the tremor has caused the delivery and distance of these things (like poisonous gases, explosives, and radioactive materials), it will make unsatisfactory mischief the public.[10](2) Structures planned by current seismic codes generally go through enormous misshapenness on extreme quakes in light of the fact that in this codes the plan method depends on flexible examination and the inelastic states are thought about by implication. These issues lead specialists to new plan techniques that give a more elevated level of execution, wellbeing, and economy. To accomplish these points, boundaries like sidelong power, strength of individuals, wanted yield system and so forth, ought to be considered in planning strategy at first. One of these new strategies is Performance-Based Plastic Design (PBPD). Consequences of various inelastic static and dynamic investigation performed by the scientists on the constructions planned by this strategy show an undeniable degree of execution. This examination means to explore the impact of forward directivity as one of the critical attributes of close flaw records on the inelastic reaction of EBF structures planned dependent on PBPD technique as changes in the pliability interest (μ) and decrease factor (Rμ). To accomplish this objective, two 12-and 18-story Eccentrically BracedFrames were planned by current seismic code and afterward similar edges were planned by PBPD technique. In all casings, changes of these two boundaries were examined, the outcomes show that the determined upsides of this boundaries are unique in relation to Newmark's conditions and furthermore from aftereffects of records without the forward directivity effect.[11](3) Post-quake utilization of structures or thickly populated building locales where capacities should be reestablished for the time being or are basic for post-tremor tasks, like clinics, schools, fire stations, police headquarters, correspondence focuses, crisis control focuses, and catastrophe alleviation focuses. [10](4) Perform fundamental plan and decide seismic execution targets After the starter configuration is finished, the essential setup and underlying design are chosen, the underlying boundaries are input, and the seismic presentation goals are resolved considering many joined factors.[12](5) Design primary segments for required strength under regular quakes by the current traditional strength-based technique.(6) Check the between story float. The between story float reactions at the exhibition focuses are checked against the breaking point esteems that relate with the chose execution destinations. The steel support ought to be changed if the prerequisite couldn't be met. At that point, the interaction ought to be rehashed from Step. The cycle ought to be finished until the breaking point is fulfilled. [12](7) If between story float proportion at the exhibition point meets the presentation prerequisite, decide the necessary strength of the construction (Ductility capacity). [12](8) If the strength meets the exhibition prerequisite, lead development detail plan. [12]2.2 Calculation method of force and horizontal displacement in frame structureThe frame structure is a spatial force system, which is often simplified into a flat frame for analysis in order to facilitate hand calculation. The approximate hand calculation method of the current watering plane frame structure according to elasticity theory includes: the layering method under vertical load, the reverse bending point method under the horizontal load effect, and the anti- bending point method (D-value method) [13]. When the vertical load is combined with the horizontal load, the inner force of the frame and the horizontal displacement can be calculated separately, and then super imposed. The layering method is used for internal force calculation under vertical load, the anti-bend point method is applied to the calculation of the frame force under the effect of horizontal force of the beam bar stiffness ratio is greater than 3, and the D-value method is applied to the internal force settlement of the frame structure under the effect of horizontal force of the beam bar stiffness is less than 3.The use of these methods makes the following assumptions:(1) Ignore beam, column axial deformation and shear deformation(2) The rod is an equal cross-section (insensitivity), and the axis is calculated with the rod shaft as the frame.(3) The side shift under the vertical load is very small, so when calculating under the vertical load, it is assumed that the structure has no Side shift.2.3 Seismic design method based on energy methodThe ground movement incorporates three qualities: force, recurrence range and term. Just the dislodging list is utilized to investigate the seismic exhibition of the construction, and the combined harm impact brought about by the length qualities of the tremor on the design can't be thought of. In this manner, it isn't sufficiently extensive to depict the seismic presentation and disappointment attributes of the elastoplastic period of a construction by removal markers alone. From the viewpoint of energy balance, energy-based seismic plan coordinates two significant foundational layout boundaries, specifically power and removal, and dissects the info, change, and scattering of energy under the activity of quakes, in order to control the change way of energy and completely mirror the tremor activity. Effect on structure. The essential thought of the energy-based seismic plan strategy is to check whether the design or part fulfills the guideline of energy and request balance: seismic information energy ≤ structure energy utilization limit. Accordingly, figuring the seismic energy information and energy utilization limit of various kinds of constructions or segments is a reason dependent on the execution of energy seismic plan techniques. In light of this, notwithstanding the examination on the actual strategy, the primary exploration work is at present centered around two angles: energy request investigation and energy ability examination. [14]3. Architecture Issues3.1 FunctionalityIn kindergarten building functionality have to be a very important issue, since it provides a comfortable range for employees, visitors and managers. By easy to use for communication skills. The color of floor and the material which will be used, imparts a kind of psychological comfort.Brilliant colors, innovative designs and surfaces in combination with the functionality of the familiar Nora rubber floor coverings.. (Jones and David 1998) [15]3.2 SpacesThe kindergarten building unit must have an enough space for its use, and depend on the Class room, dorm, Chair, bench, and other equipment contain. Thus equipment, movement areas, and the people, will control the space areas. Also, we must take into consideration the flexibility of the spaces this principle fewer barriers to change, less distribution when change does occur, and lower costs in money and time can be accomplished by using open spaces and use flexible materials for construct portions.The spaces should be allocated according to functional requirements, so that the locationdepend on the people position in the company. Departments should be empowered to plan their office space, this principle recognizes that, if office space is treated as an administrative resource and managers are given the opportunity to plan office space using simplified.We must know that the Kindergarten buildings also contain meeting rooms and teachers rooms, W.Cs units, corridors, entrance, parkings, cafeteria, stare case, and special spaces for equipment which will take a special spaces that need a quiet and more comfortable resources from the hand of environmental point view this spaces also controlled by the equipment, people and movement areas. (Board, 1996) [16]3.3 StairsThe stairs are another solution which supports vertical movement within the office building, stairs have a special use when the electricity cut off, in this case the mechanical equipment such as elevators and escalators cannot work, and thus the stairs are the unique solution. For the emergency cases (fires and earthquakes), the stairs should be exterior to avoid a lot of injured. Stairs are the primary means of vertical travel during fire emergencies and are generally effective and reliable. [17][18]Structure IssuesFirst step for design we have to select the material, second is to select structural system, third is to compute loads such as dead load, live load, wind load, etc., fourth modeling and analysis, means how to convert the structural type to modelFinally, design, in this step we calculate internal forces to get dimensions. Design code must be taken into consideration.3.4 FoundationFoundation is the sub structural system that carry the building, it constructed under surface of the ground, also it main function to redistribute and transfer loads to the ground. (Liang Xingwen, 2005) Choosing a foundation system depends on several factors1. Number of loads of the building2. Type of structure (bearing walls, columns)3. Type of loads (Static, dynamic, vibrating)4. Location of the building (for example near cliff)5. Bearing capacity of the soil (according to soil test)6. Type and components of soil (for example water, salt)7. Adjacent structures (type and location)8. Infra structures (such as pipe lines, cables)9. Available materials and technology10. Cost.Types of foundation systems: Combined Footing, Isolated Footing, Continuous Footing, Raft Foundation, Pile Foundation. (B. S. Smith) [19]3.5 Structure TypeStructure is basically defined as a device for channeling loads that result from the use or presence ofthe building in relation to the ground. Many different structural systems are used in architecture, the type them used depends on some factors such as the height of the building, its load bearing capacity, the soil specifications and the building materials. (Yu Jing, 2015) [20]There are basically two kinds of structural systems:a. The masonry systems in which the walls are carrying the loads, andb. The frame systems in which the building has a structural system (built out of reinforced concrete or steel) that carries all the weight.Reinforced concrete frame:Concrete is a mixture of a certain components; cement, water, sand and or aggregate. The quality of concrete is determined by the percentage of these components. In order to make concrete more strength and durable, it is combined with steel reinforcement and then it is called reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete frame can span large distances. Thus, it could be used in engineering works such as bridges or highways, alongside buildings.In this system, the reinforced concrete frame carries the floor and roof slabs. Since the inner and outer walls dont carry any load, they could be placed freely as the architect desires. (Arthur H. Nilson, 2003) [21]3.6 WallsWalls are defined as the boundaries on the outside and the inside of the building. Load bearing walls in the masonry systems carry the buildings structure, floors and the roof like shear walls, while non- load bearing walls are used for separating spaces. Exterior walls can be built with various materials, such as concrete, brick, stone etc. There are also steel and glass curtain walls. Exterior walls should be built with care since they are very important to protect the building from external factors such as the weather and wind and the difference in temperature between the inside and outside of the building. (Guoxing., 2004) [22]3.7 RoofsRoof is the last layer that covers the building. The function of the building and the climatic conditions decisively effect on the shape of the roof. If the nature of the climate has heavy rains and snow, the roofs tend to have steep angles, or if the climate is sunny and has less rain and snow the roof might be flat. Roofs can be carried by timber frames or steel frames or load bearing walls, etc. and they can be covered with various materials such as copper, ceramic tiles, aluminum sheeting, laminated glass and precast concrete. (] R. Park, 1975) [23]4. Computer Modeling4.1 Classification of softwareWith the continuous development of computer technology, all walks of life are increasingly inseparable from the application of computer technology, especially in the design work of the construction industry has been widely used, four years in University, we need to learn CAD, BIM, construction progress control software, PKPM and other software.Application of AutoCAD in the design: AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) program used for 2-D and 3-D design and drafting. AutoCAD is developed and marketed by Autodesk Inc. and wasone of the first CAD programs that could be executed on personal computers.Application of PKPM in the Architectural design:1) Architectural scheme design Architectural specialty according to the architectural style, the location of the terrain conditions and other factors, building facade design and architectural graphic design. In the process of architectural design, we should follow the principle of "less specification, more combination" of prefabricated buildings, which not only requires beautiful buildings, but also meets the requirements of prefabrication rate.2) Scheme optimization design and deepening design After the completion of the architectural scheme design, BIM technology was used to optimize the design and adjust the building's lighting analysis, energy saving analysis, etc. Finally, the base and structural models were supplemented with the assembly model, and the assembly construction of the model was further designed. [24]References[1] . B. R. El Hami A., Uncertainty and Optimization in Structural Mechanics., John Wiley Sons, 2013.[2] . S. A. Bastidas-Arteaga E., " Reliability Analysis Methods. ALERT Doctoral School 2014-Stochastic Analysis".[3] L. M., Structural reliability, John Wiley Sons, 2013.[4] A. R. J. a. Y. Y. Grider, Structural Concrete Design, Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999.[5] J. C. R. H.Brown., Design of Reinforced Concrete 9th edition, 2014.[6] J. G. M. James K. Wight, Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design. 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2008.[7] Concrete software solutions, "Structural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames," 2018.[8] E. b. X. Xiuli, Design of concrete frame, Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2016.[9] Md.S. Bari, T. Das A Comparative Study on Seismic Analysis of Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) with Other Building Codes, 2014.[10] Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures in the Context of Big Data Du Guangqian , Zheng Meng, and Wang Shijie.[11] Hamed Hamidi and Abbas Rouhi Investigation of Forward Directivity Effect on The Ductility Demand and Reduction Factor of PBPD EFB Frames.[12] B. F. I, Part-1 Scope 1 (April 1. 2008) (April 1, 2008), ISBN-10: 7508366379, ISBN-13: 978- 7508366371.".[25] ACI 318-11 Building Rode requirements for Structure Concrete.[26] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume I, Part-4 Fire Protection.[27] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume -I Part-5 Building Materials.[28] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume II Structure Design[29] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume III, Part-7Construction Practices safety[30] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume III, Part-7 Building Services.[31] Bangladesh National Building Code -2015 Volume III, Part-7 Addition, Alteration to and Change of Use of Existing Buildings.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

1) An analysis of the characteristics of the framework structure calculation method under various circumstances assumptionsThe frame structure is a typical member system. There are many approximate calculation methods. At present, the design of the frame structure has all been carried out by computers. However, the correction and verification of the calculation results still need to be calculated manually, so master the basic theory and some manual calculation analysis. The method is still necessary. The analysis methods suitable for manual calculation of frame structure include analysis method, inflection point method and D value method. The layered method is used to calculate the internal force under the vertical load; the inflection point method is used to calculate the internal force of the frame structure with a beam-column line stiffness ratio greater than 3; the D value method is applicable to the beam-column line stiffness less than The internal force of the frame structure of 3 is settled under the action of horizontal force. The use of these methods makes the following assumptions:(1) Ignore axial and shear deformations of beams and columns(2) The members are of equal section (equal rigidity), and the axis of the member is used as the frame to calculate the axis.(3) The side shift under vertical load is small, so when calculating under vertical load, it is assumed that the structure has no side shift.2) The problems that should be paid attention to in the design of frame beams and columns and the overall economic analysis(1) The planar shape and elevation of the structure should be simple and regular, so that each part is evenly symmetrical, reducing the possibility of structural torsion.(2) Control the aspect ratio of the structure to reduce side shifts under horizontal loads.(3) Try to unify the column network and floor height as much as possible to reduce the types and specifications of components and simplify the design and construction.(4) Under the premise of strictly controlling the parameters such as the displacement angle, axial compression ratio, and period ratio of the frame structure, and following the frame structure design and seismic rating specifications, try to adopt a more economical and concise construction scheme.3)The implementation plan(1) Architectural designComplete the design of the plan, section and elevation of the building according to the requirements of the design mission; determine the plan shape, facade appearance, side appearance, single-story plan size of the preset building, and the number of floors; the function of each part of the building is initially determined by the relevant principles offunctional zoning, and the outline of the architectural design part is determined.(2) Structural design partAccording to the building plan and the original design data, the structural system is selected, the structural components are arranged, the structural internal force analysis is performed, the component reinforcement is determined, and the structural construction drawing is drawn. When analyzing the internal force of the structure and designing the structure, calculate the structural load and seismic action according to the current national design code; complete the internal force analysis of a selected unit of the structure by hand, perform the internal force combination of the beam frame and column, and complete the design of the section of the component; It is also necessary to use engineering design software (such as PKPM) to calculate the internal force and reinforcement of the structure, and compare and analyze the results by hand. In addition, the calculation of the staircase and the reinforcement must be completed one by one, and the calculation of the reinforcement of the cast-in-place plate must be completed.(3) Basic design partAccording to the architectural and structural design documents and engineering geological conditions, demonstrate the foundation and foundation scheme, determine the foundation type and construction technology, and submit the foundation construction drawings. It is required to draw the foundation plan, foundation reinforcement diagram, and foundation design specification.