论文总字数：12818字

摘 要

近年来短视频、微电影、虚拟动画等流媒体在网络上广泛传播，其中的作品质量参差不齐，很多作品空有其表。过度的追求镜头运动的节奏，甚至为了转场而转场，没有目的地去移动、旋转镜头，呈现出的画面反而造成了混乱的感官，给观众的观影体验造成了障碍。

现代生活中，人人都可以是摄影师，都可以拿起手机拍摄一段视频发朋友圈、抖音。可以说所有人都在探索运动镜头的可能性。可是我们很难在碎片化的信息中去深入的探索，其中大多数的内容只能是说“镜头”动了，但并不符合应用标准。所以，我们首先要讨论什么是运动镜头为什么要让摄影机运动起来。

在追求运动镜头的历史上，人们一直在不断的努力。在《公民凯恩》（1941）中还只能通过移动相机和蒙太奇来切换画面，以此让观众感受到相机和画面的运动。再到后来的《第三类接触》（1977）和《太阳帝国》（1987），已有导演开始实践多种运动镜头，使观众更有代入感。

运动镜头包含了推、拉、摇、移、跟、升降这几类运动方式，但他们整体可归纳为：推轨镜头（推、拉）、摇镜头（摇）和平移镜头（移、跟、升降）。不同的方式会产生不同的画面效果，摇镜使得画面能够牢牢的抓住画面的重心，平移镜头和推轨镜头则更适合推进画面的故事感。运用这三种方式拍摄的镜头，利用蒙太奇技术就能够制作出更多更丰富的运动画面。

在《未来云农场》短片中，我们畅想了在未来城市中建造一座农场，并通过动画的形式展现，严格推敲设计每一个运动镜头。运动镜头不仅仅是单纯的运动和无规律无意义的组合，而是有描述环境，展示空间的作用，更是有结构影片，渲染剧情，形成节奏，确定风格的作用。通过将固定镜头和运动镜头的结合使用完成影片的构建，尤其是运动镜头在电影中积极调动了观众的感官神经，为观众创造了一个不同角度的世界。深入剖析经典影视中的运动镜头与发展历程，从中找出运动镜头存在的意义与目的，然后结合三维软件中的运动镜头设计使其在影片中合达到最合理的镜头表现。

Abstract

In recent years, short video, micro film, virtual animation and other streaming media have been widely spread on the Internet, among which the quality of works is uneven, and many of them have their own table.Excessive pursuit of the rhythm of camera movement, or even for the sake of movement, without any purpose to move, rotating the camera picture instead causes confusion of the senses, causing obstacles to the audience's viewing experience.

In modern life, everyone can be a photographer. Everyone can pick up a mobile phone to shoot a video and post it on WeChat Moments. It can be said that everyone is exploring the possibility of motion photography.However, it is difficult for us to explore deeply in the fragmented information. Most of the content is nothing more than the listing of some sports modes and the expression of sports effects, which makes us always at the level of experience cognition of this thing.So, first of all, we're going to talk about what a moving lens is and why we want the camera to move.

In the history of the pursuit of motion shots, there has been a continuous effort. In Citizen Kane (1941), the only way to give the audience a sense of motion is to move the camera and montage to change the scene.Later, in Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and Empire of the Sun (1987), directors began to pursue rich pictures and motion shots became more flexible, so that the audience had a more immersive sense.

The motion of the lens can be finely divided into push, pull, roll, move and rise and fall, but they can all be summarized as, swing lens, pan lens and push track lens.Different ways will produce different picture effects. Shaking lens makes the picture firmly grasp the center of gravity of the picture, while panning lens and pushing track lens are more suitable for promoting the story sense of the picture.Mixing or combining these three ways together with montage can produce more and richer motion pictures.

In the short film "Future Cloud Farm", we imagined building a farm in the future city, and used 3D software to make a virtual animation short film. We carefully studied the meaning and function of each shot design.In the performance of motion shot, motion shot is not only a simple movement and the combination of irregular and meaningless, but also plays a role in describing the environment, showing the space, and structuring the film, rendering the plot, forming the rhythm and determining the style.Through the combination of fixed shots and moving shots, the construction of the film is completed. In particular, the moving shots actively mobilize the senses of the audience and create a world from different angles for the audience.

In the short film "Future Cloud Farm", the moving shot and its development process in classic films will be deeply analyzed, from which the significance and purpose of the existence of moving shot will be found out, and then combined with the design of moving shot in the current three-dimensional software to achieve the most reasonable shot performance in the film.

目录

摘 要 I

Abstract II

第一章 概述 1

1.1运动镜头的概念 1

1.2运动镜头在影视作品中的重要性 1

第二章 影视作品中的运动镜头分析 2

2.1《天使艾米丽》中摇镜的运用 2

2.2《天使艾米丽》中升降镜头的运用 2

2.3《天使艾米丽》中推轨镜头的运用 4

第三章 《未来云农场》中运动镜头的运用 6

3.1 运动镜头的类型 6

3.1.1 《未来云农场》摇镜头设计 6

3.1.2 《未来云农场》升降镜头设计 7

3.1.3 《未来云农场》推轨镜头设计 7

3.2 运动镜头的目的 8

3.2.1重新构图 8

3.2.2交代动作 8

3.2.3引导视线产生关联 9

3.2.4渲染影片情绪 9

第四章 《未来云农场》的重难点分析 11

4.1运动镜头前期规划中的重难点 11

4.1.1前期规划的重难点 11

4.1.1前期规划的解决方案 11

4.2运动镜头速度调配的重难点 11

4.2.1速度调配的重难点 11

4.2.1速度调配的解决方案 11

第五章 结束语 13

致 谢 14

参考文献 15

第一章 概述

1.1运动镜头的概念

运动镜头是由摄影机的机身、机位或是焦距其中任意一个发生了变化，这种情况下拍摄出的镜头，就可称之为运动镜头。运动镜头有着丰富的种类，根据摄影机的移动方式可将镜头运动分为7种（推、拉、摇、移、跟、升、降）。如果再进行分类即可归为三大类：推轨镜头，摇镜头，升降镜头。

因为人类的视觉是运动性的，在看到的物体移动时，我们的视线也会不自觉地跟着移动。而摄影机就借由运动镜头实现了电影画面的移动，让影片真正的成为了“动”的艺术。

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