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Considering Prework on Industrial Projects

考虑工业项目中的前期工作

Jongchul Song¹; Walter R. Fagerlund²; Carl T. Haas, M.ASCE³; Clyde B. Tatum, F.ASCE⁴; and

Jorge A. Vanegas, A.M.ASCE⁵

Abstract: Prefabrication, preassembly, modularization, and off-site fabrication, collectively termed as prework have become more viable with recent advances in design and information

摘要：随着设计和信息技术的最新进展，预制、预装配、模块化和非现场制作统称为前期的工作已经变得更加可行。

technologies. These construction methods offer a substantial opportunity to improve project performance when circumstances merit. Successful implementation of these methods on a

当情形适当时，这些施工方法提供了一个重大机遇来提高项目绩效，

particular project requires systematic analysis and early decision making based on spefic factors

这些方法在一个特定的项目中成功实施需要根据项目的具体因素系统的分析和早期决策。

of the project. This paper identifies those factors influencing decisions on the use of prework, and current industry practices for evaluating the applicability of prework on industrial projects. It

本文指出那些在前期工作使用中影响决策的因素，和目前的行业惯例用于评估工业项目前期工作的适用性。

then presents a decision framework to assist industry practitioners with evaluating the applicability of prework on their project, and describes a computerized tool to aid project teams

它进而提出了决策框架，以帮助行业从业者评价对他们的项目前期工作的适用性，并描述了一个计算机化的工具，以在决策过程方面帮助项目团队。

in the decision-making process. The developed framework and tool are useful and effective in the decision-making process, and easy to use, as validated by practitioners in the industry.

所开发的框架和工具在决策过程中有用高效，且易于使用，由业内从业者的验证。

DOI: 10.1061（ASCE）0733-9364（2005）131:6（723）

CE Database subject headings: Construction methods; Construction management; Decision making; Decision support systems; Modular structures; Prefabrication.

CE数据库关键词：施工方法; 施工管理; 决策;决策支持系统;模块化结构;预制。

Introduction绪论

Owners demand high levels of value, safety, quality, productivity, and performance in their capital projects for their competitiveness and profitability. In addition, both owners and constructors face a current and projected shortage of skilled labor （BRT 1997）. Pre-fabrication,

为了自身的竞争力和盈利能力，业主在他们的资本项目中需要高水平的价值，安全，质量，生产效率和性能。此外，业主和建设者面临的当前和预计的熟练劳动力（出生于1997年）短缺，

preassembly, modularization, and off-site fabrication, collectively termed as prework （PPMOF） can help overcome such project challenges and, properly used, offer a substantial opportunity for

预制，预装配，模块化和非现场制作（PPMOF）统称为前期工作，它可以帮助克服这些项目中的挑战，如果使用得当会为改善项目绩效提供巨大机遇。

improved project performance. On the other hand, the use of PPMOF can also bring about many changes in projects and place new demands or complexity on project organization, engineering, procurement, planning, monitoring, coordination, com-munication, and transportation （Tatum et al. 1987）. Concurrently, flexibility regarding design change decreases.

在另一方面，利用PPM在项目中也可以带来许多变化，并在项目组织，工程，采购，规划，监测，协调，沟通和交通中增加了新的要求和复杂性（塔图姆等，1987）。同时，关于设计的灵活性变化减小。

Prework has become more viable in recent decades given ad vances in design and information technologies, while key factors influencing decisions regarding the use of PPMOF

前期工作中给出的设计和信息技术的进步近几十年来已变得更加明显，而有关使用PPM影响决策的主要因素已经改变了。

have changed. A previous research effort found that the use of prefabrication and preassembly in the industrial sector has almost doubled over the preceding fifteen years (Haas et al. 2000).

先前的研究工作发现，预制和预装配在工业部门的使用相比前十五年几乎翻了一番（Haas等，2000）。

Yet, the industry in general has not fully recognized the potential for project improve-ments from the use of PPMOF. This has been primarily the result of a lack of awareness of the impacts and a tendency to postpone early decisions on the applicability of PPMOF, which can preclude their use.

然而，业内普遍还没有完全认识到从使用PPMOF项目改善的潜力。这主要是对它的影响缺乏认识导致的，并推迟早期决策对PPM的适用性，可排除其使用早期决定的倾向的结果。

Relevance to Industry Practitioners

行业从业者相关性

Given the challenges faced by the industry coupled with the impact of recent revolutionary technological advances, a clear need emerges for a decision-making framework that encompasses all factors driving or impeding implementation of PPMOF. In addition, to evaluate

鉴于面临加之近期革命性技术进步的影响，该行业所面临的挑战，显然需要出现一个决策框架，包括所有的驱动因素或阻碍实施PPMOF。

the potential benefits and impediments to implementing PPMOF on their projects, managers considering PPMOF need a systematic and transparent method for analysis and decision making on the applicability of PPMOF.

此外，评估在他们的项目中实现PPMOF潜在的好处和障碍，管理者认为需要采用系统和透明的方法对PPMOF的适用性作出分析和决策。

Objectives and Methodology

目标和方法

The objectives of the research on which this paper is based were: (1) to update those factors influencing PPMOF decisions and develop a decision framework to assist project teams in considering possible use of PPMOF on industrial projects; (2)to identify the current industry practices for evaluating the applicability of prework on a specific industrial project; and (3) to develop a tool to facilitate the decision-making process for evaluating the use of PPMOF on particular projects, based on factors identified.

目标的研究，本文是基于：（1）更新影响PPMOF决定的因素并且开发一个决策框架以协助项目团队在考虑工业项目中PPMOF可能的使用；（2）来确定当前的行业惯例在一个特定的工业项目中评估前期工作的适用性；（3）开发一种工具来促进对特定的项目使用PPMOF决策过程评估，基于要素的确定。

To achieve the above objectives, the methodology illustrated in Fig. 1 was followed. Industry members represented in the project team ranged from owners to constructors to design firms, each experienced in the use of PPMOF, typically on industrial projects. Leading companies in the

为了达到上述目标，在接下来的图1阐明了方法。项目组的业委会成员代表从业主到承包商到设计公司，每一个都在经历着PPMOF的使用

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