填埋场压实黏土盖层干缩裂隙垂直分布特征与自愈能力研究毕业论文
2021-03-18 21:31:13
摘 要
填埋场黏土盖层失效控制问题是当前环境保护领域亟待解决的重大工程难题之一。黏土盖层处于填埋场表层,受大气干湿循环作用失水收缩吸水膨胀,容易发生开裂导致防渗失效问题。本文采用室内试样的方法,探究了干燥过程中泥浆态黏土表面裂隙开展规律,发现随着干燥时间的增加,表面裂隙率增长曲线呈S形,可划分初始阶段、线性发展阶段、稳定阶段,线性发展阶段的起点和终点的临界含水率分别为52.6%和27.0%,表面裂隙率最终稳定在20%左右;开展了不同厚度的压实黏土垂直裂隙分布特征试验,发现裂隙的平均深度和深度标准差都经历了先增长后稳定的过程,且试样厚度越大,裂隙出现时间越晚,稳定时平均深度和深度标准差越大,且二者达到稳定用时越长;通过测量压实黏土不同层面的含水率并计算含水率梯度,发现干燥过程中试样上层土体失水量大于下层土体,且相邻两层之间的含水率梯度存在一个峰值;进行了压实黏土干缩裂隙自愈能力研究,通过观察比较未开裂处和裂隙闭合处的土壤在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下的照片,发现裂隙重新闭合处的土颗粒呈团聚状态,团粒间孔隙大,抗渗能力显著减弱。
关键词:压实黏土;干湿循环;裂隙;自愈能力
Abstract
The failure control problem of clay cover in landfill is one of the major engineering problems in the field of environmental protection. Clay cover of landfill is easy to crack subjected to cyclic drying and wetting, which will probably lead to anti-seepage failure. In this paper, slay clay is used to explore the law of desiccation cracks development, with a series of laboratory tests. It is found that with the increase of drying time, the curve of surface crack rate is S-shaped, which can be divided into the initial stage, the linear development stage and the stabilization stage. The critical water rates for the start and end of the linear development stage are 52.6% and 27.0% respectively, and the surface crack rate of the stabilization stage is 20%. Tests for the characteristics of the vertical cracks distribution of compacted clay with different thickness were carried out. It is found that the average depth and depth standard deviation of the cracks are subjected to the process of growth-stability, and thicker the specimen is, the later the cracks initiation is, and the later the average depth and the depth standard deviation become stable. Thicker specimen has the lager value of crack average depth and depth standard deviation. By measuring the moisture content of different layers of compacted clay and calculating the water content gradients, it is found that the water loss of the upper layer of the sample is larger than that of the lower during the drying process, and the curve of water content gradient between the adjacent layers has a peak. The self - healing ability of the desiccation cracks of compacted clay is studied. By observing the photos under the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it is found that the soil particles at the cracks were agglomerated, and the pores become larger. It can be concluded that the hydraulic conductivity of the clay layer increase even if the cracks close by wetting.
Key Words: cyclic drying and wetting; compacted clay; cracks; self-healing
目 录
第1章 绪论 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究现状 1
1.3 目的及意义 2
第2章 试验材料与方法 3
2.1 试验材料 3
2.1.1 试验土样的选取 3
2.1.2 试验土样的配制 5
2.2 试验方法 6
2.2.1 压实黏土裂隙分布特征试验 7
2.2.2 压实黏土干缩裂隙自愈能力研究 15
第3章 试验结果与分析 19
3.1 泥浆态黏土表面裂隙分布特征试验 19
3.2 压实黏土垂直裂隙分布特征试验 21
3.2.1 试验现象记录 21
3.2.2 试验数据分析 24
3.3 分层取样测量含水率 27
3.4 压实黏土干缩裂隙自愈能力研究 29
3.4.1 试验现象 29
3.4.2 土壤微观结构试验 30
第4章 结论与展望 32
4.1 主要结论 32
4.2 工作展望 33
参考文献 34
致谢 36
第1章 绪论
1.1 研究背景
现阶段我国生活垃圾的处理方式仍然以卫生填埋为主,填埋场容量饱和以后均需设置封场覆盖系统进行环境隔离[1],来防止雨水下渗产生有害渗沥液污染地下水,同时阻止垃圾产生的有害气体对对大气造成污染。我国《生活垃圾卫生填埋技术规范》推荐采用压实黏土结构作为填埋场封场覆盖系统,且规定压实土壤的渗透系数不得大于1.0×10-7cm/s[2]。但在工程实际中由于受到失水干燥、降雨饱和的影响,盖层土壤会产生干缩裂隙,渗透系数明显增大,结构强度也随之降低,容易发生失稳。另外填埋场内部垃圾降解时会产生大量热能,使整个填埋场处于高温负荷状态[3],加快盖层土壤的失水速率,从而促进以上干湿循环进程,封场覆盖系统防渗功能的长期稳定性难以得到保证[4]。
已有研究表明,在干燥初期,压实黏土表层率先失水,同时土壤内基质吸力增加,从而在土中产生拉伸应力,当不断增大的拉伸应力超过土壤的抗拉强度,压实黏土表层将出现干缩裂隙[5]。随着干燥时间增加,压实黏土深层含水率逐渐减少,表层裂隙不断向下扩展,一旦贯穿整个压实黏土层,将为雨水下渗进入填埋场内部提供直接渗流通道[6]。同时,黏土具有吸水膨胀的特性,随着雨水的下渗,黏土吸水膨胀,裂隙逐渐闭合,渗透系数逐渐减少。因此开展压实黏土垂直裂隙扩展规律及其自愈能力的研究对评价压实黏土层防渗安全意义重大。
1.2 研究现状
针对干湿循环作用下压实黏土裂隙发育及防渗失效难题,国内外学者开展了一系列研究工作,为本研究工作开展了提供了良好的基础。
Omidi等[7]采用直径10 cm的压实黏土试样,在干湿循环条件下进行了现场双环渗透试验和室内柔性壁渗透试验,并对两者试验结果进行比较。结果表明,干湿循环作用下,压实黏土渗透系数实际增加的幅度比室内柔性壁渗透试验结果高得多;Rayhani等[8]研究了干湿循环作用下压实黏土的开裂特性,探究了不同类型土壤的渗透系数变化的规律;K.Terzaghi等[6]指出裂隙是超固结黏土的结构特性,含亲水矿物的膨胀土具有明显的吸水膨胀和失水收缩特性,因失水收缩而产生的裂隙破坏了土体结构的完整性,导致土体强度减弱,也为雨水的进入和水分的蒸发提供了优先通道,从而导致土体失稳;