原文：

CHAPTER I

THE METHOD AND SCOPE OF STUDY.

The present study is a non-statistical description of the principal characteristics of forty-two contemporary Peking guilds, the operation of which is confined to the cityof Peking and its immediate vicinityElsewhereit has been estimated that there are in Peking 28 guilds of the types studied. Our selection of 42 guilds istherefore 32.8 per cent of the whole number.These guilds are also represen- tative of the whole as not fewer than 8 and not more than i8,of any one group were chosen.

A. THE METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA

This study is based chiefly on information procured by means of a questionnaireThis guestionnaireor schedule was made out and used in the following manner:

(I)The questions were roughly drafted in English and submitted for criticism and suggestions to several persons Chinese and foreign, among whom were Mr.SidneyD Gamble who in 1919-1920 had made a preliminary study of the Guilds of Peking,Dr.Leonard HL.Hsu associate pro fessor of Sociology in Yenching University at Peking,and Mr.Franklin C.HLee. a Columbia University graduate who at that time was assisting Mr.Gamble in his research and who is now a member of the Research Staff of the China Foundation, Peking. After this consultation the question naire was revised.

THE GUILDS OF PEKING

The questions covered the following points:sup1;

I. Introduction, including the name of the guild, the char

acter of its business, the location of its head office and its officers

II. The purpose in founding the guild I. The history of the guild IV:Membership V. Oficers VI. Meetings VII.Income

VIII. Apprentice system

IX. Functions of the guild

X.Relations of the individual guild to other guilds and

other organizations XI. Discipline XII. Charity XIII. Religion

XIV. General conditions of the guild at present

(2) The original questionnaire was put into Chinese by a capable Chinese scholar and afterwards was carefully cor- rected by Mr. Franklin Lee a native of Tung Hsien, a town ffteen miles east of Peking.Mr.Lee was selected because he was a native of the district and therefore able to use terms clearly understood by those living in Peking

(3)The questionnaire was printed in large Chinese type.(4) The investigation was carried out by three able trained Chinese, in the followingmanner:Mr.Hung Chun Chang,'a graduate of Yenching University took the re- sponsibility for securing the information from the head men or important officials of each guild.Mr.Chang is the nephew of a priest in a well-known Confucian temple of the Southern City of Peking known as Ching Chung Miao.

Many of the guilds hold their annual meetings in this temple. Mr. Jun Shan Chiao, the priest was familiar with the pro ceedings of the guilds and was held responsible for many of the preparations for their meetings and ceremonies. In March,926,in company with Mr.Chang, the writer called on Mr. Chiao at the Temple and requested his cooperation in this study. The general plan was described to MrChiao and he readily consented to cooperate with us.The fact that the writer had been his nephews teacher and that his nephew fully understood the obiect of the investigationevidently quite satisfied Mr.Chiao and he showed neither curiosityas to why we were studying the guilds nor suspicionregarding the enterprise. The priest knew of the writers personal in terest in his nephews future education in America and the very pleasant chat regarding the guilds was concluded with a discussion of ways and means.Mr.Chiao then showed us around the old Temple, taking us through a large theatre with a gallery at the rear and on two sides and having a stone slab floor. We inspected the large stage where the plays are given to the“Sacred Masters'or the supposed founders of the guilds.Certain locked rooms where records of the guilds are kept were pointed out.

(5)Mr.Chang secured from his uncle introductions either by telephone or by letter to prominent men and offi- cials of the guilds to be studiedHeselectedorganizations whose officers were known personally to his uncle.He called on these men, taking the questionnaire with him and making notes of replies. In many cases several interviews were necessary. With insight into difficulties that might arise through suspicion on the part of members of the guilds as to the obiect of his study,Mr.Chang concealed the fact that he was securing this information for a Westerner.

ourselves, we had favorable conditions. It would have been very hard for us not to use the questionnaires because wecould not remember all the questions and we had to put everything down on the sheets, otherwise we would forget some of them especially the figures and dates. We could not finish the ques- tionnaire at one interview, as it took some time and they would be tired to answer them all at one time.We had to go several times in order to get a complete recordand sometimes they had to ask others the questions they did not know themselves.

We tried to have the questionnaires filled by the guild heads or secretaries, but they were not satisfactory and complete.Some misinterpreted the questions and some answered very few as it would take too much of their time to write answers to every question. Moreover some did not know how to write so we had to fill them ourselves. Even in the case of the few that were flled by the guild authorities, we had to go again for further information

This extract shows the favorable conditions under which information was procured and would tend a priori to show that it was accurate to this extent, that it represented the actual opinion of the guild officials who were without desire to deceive. Inasmuch as Mr. Chiao was personally known to these men and the information was believed to be for his nephew to help him in his further study in America there was no object in falsifying t

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THE GUILDS OF PEKING BY JOHN STEWART BURGESS,M.A

Associate Professor ofSociology,Yenching University,Peking,China

Member ofstaffofPrinceton-in-Peking

原文：

CHAPTER I

THE METHOD AND SCOPE OF STUDY.

The present study is a non-statistical description of the principal characteristics of forty-two contemporary Peking guilds, the operation of which is confined to the cityof Peking and its immediate vicinityElsewhereit has been estimated that there are in Peking 28 guilds of the types studied. Our selection of 42 guilds istherefore 32.8 per cent of the whole number.These guilds are also represen- tative of the whole as not fewer than 8 and not more than i8,of any one group were chosen.

A. THE METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA

This study is based chiefly on information procured by means of a questionnaireThis guestionnaireor schedule was made out and used in the following manner:

(I)The questions were roughly drafted in English and submitted for criticism and suggestions to several persons Chinese and foreign, among whom were Mr.SidneyD Gamble who in 1919-1920 had made a preliminary study of the Guilds of Peking,Dr.Leonard HL.Hsu associate pro fessor of Sociology in Yenching University at Peking,and Mr.Franklin C.HLee. a Columbia University graduate who at that time was assisting Mr.Gamble in his research and who is now a member of the Research Staff of the China Foundation, Peking. After this consultation the question naire was revised.

THE GUILDS OF PEKING

The questions covered the following points:sup1;

I. Introduction, including the name of the guild, the char

acter of its business, the location of its head office and its officers

II. The purpose in founding the guild I. The history of the guild IV:Membership V. Oficers VI. Meetings VII.Income

VIII. Apprentice system

IX. Functions of the guild

X.Relations of the individual guild to other guilds and

other organizations XI. Discipline XII. Charity XIII. Religion

XIV. General conditions of the guild at present

(2) The original questionnaire was put into Chinese by a capable Chinese scholar and afterwards was carefully cor- rected by Mr. Franklin Lee a native of Tung Hsien, a town ffteen miles east of Peking.Mr.Lee was selected because he was a native of the district and therefore able to use terms clearly understood by those living in Peking

(3)The questionnaire was printed in large Chinese type.(4) The investigation was carried out by three able trained Chinese, in the followingmanner:Mr.Hung Chun Chang,'a graduate of Yenching University took the re- sponsibility for securing the information from the head men or important officials of each guild.Mr.Chang is the nephew of a priest in a well-known Confucian temple of the Southern City of Peking known as Ching Chung Miao.

Many of the guilds hold their annual meetings in this temple. Mr. Jun Shan Chiao, the priest was familiar with the pro ceedings of the guilds and was held responsible for many of the preparations for their meetings and ceremonies. In March,926,in company with Mr.Chang, the writer called on Mr. Chiao at the Temple and requested his cooperation in this study. The general plan was described to MrChiao and he readily consented to cooperate with us.The fact that the writer had been his nephews teacher and that his nephew fully understood the obiect of the investigationevidently quite satisfied Mr.Chiao and he showed neither curiosityas to why we were studying the guilds nor suspicionregarding the enterprise. The priest knew of the writers personal in terest in his nephews future education in America and the very pleasant chat regarding the guilds was concluded with a discussion of ways and means.Mr.Chiao then showed us around the old Temple, taking us through a large theatre with a gallery at the rear and on two sides and having a stone slab floor. We inspected the large stage where the plays are given to the“Sacred Masters'or the supposed founders of the guilds.Certain locked rooms where records of the guilds are kept were pointed out.

(5)Mr.Chang secured from his uncle introductions either by telephone or by letter to prominent men and offi- cials of the guilds to be studiedHeselectedorganizations whose officers were known personally to his uncle.He called on these men, taking the questionnaire with him and making notes of replies. In many cases several interviews were necessary. With insight into difficulties that might arise through suspicion on the part of members of the guilds as to the obiect of his study,Mr.Chang concealed the fact that he was securing this information for a Westerner.

ourselves, we had favorable conditions. It would have been very hard for us not to use the questionnaires because wecould not remember all the questions and we had to put everything down on the sheets, otherwise we would forget some of them especially the figures and dates. We could not finish the ques- tionnaire at one interview, as it took some time and they would be tired to answer them all at one time.We had to go several times in order to get a complete recordand sometimes they had to ask others the questions they did not know themselves.

We tried to have the questionnaires filled by the guild heads or secretaries, but they were not satisfactory and complete.Some misinterpreted the questions and some answered very few as it would take too much of their time to write answers to every question. Moreover some did not know how to write so we had to fill them ourselves. Even in the case of the few that were flled by the guild authorities, we had to go again for further information

This extract shows the favorable conditions under which information was procured and would tend a priori to show that it was accurate to this extent, that it represented the actual opinion of the guild officials who were wi

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