论文总字数：8068字

摘 要

：依恋是儿童寻求并企图保持与另一个人亲密的身体接触或联系的一种特殊情感倾向，是儿童社会性发展的重要方面，但是依恋不是以固定形式形成的，它受到各种先天、外在因素的影响，对其深入的研究，有助于寻找到应对的方法，以避免更多不良依恋行为的产生。

关键词：依恋，安全依恋，分离焦虑，策略

Abstract:Attachment means the children in an attempt to keep body close contact with another person.At the same time,attachment is a special emotional tendency and is the important aspect of children"s social development. Attachment is not generated by a fixed pattern , however, it is influenced by all kinds of congenital and external factors.With the in-depth research, helping to find the method may avoid more bad attachment behavior.

Keywords: attachment Secure attachment Separation anxiety strategy

目录

1 前言···························································3

2依恋的概述 ·····················································3

3依恋形成的因素 ·················································3

3.1家庭因素 ·····················································3

3.1.1母爱剥夺 ···················································3

3.1.2抚养方式····················································4

3.1.3对待有先天缺陷婴幼儿 ·······································4

3.1.4家庭氛围 ···················································5

3.2社会因素 ·····················································5

3.3婴幼儿自身因素················································5

4应对策略 ·······················································6

4.1准妈妈对自身角色认同 ·········································6

4.2抚养者的细心呵护·············································7

4.3家庭与社会环境···············································7

4.3.1家庭气氛···················································7

4.3.2父母管教···················································7

4.3.3社会大环境的作用···········································8

结论 ····························································9

参考文献························································10

1 前言

通常情况下，婴幼儿是指婴儿和幼儿，一般是指0-3岁的儿童。而在日常生活中，我们常常会看到一些婴幼儿在离开母亲时会哭喊，在遇到陌生人时会往抚养者的身后躲藏，而有些婴幼儿却对母亲的离开不管不顾，其实在这些背后都隐藏着与儿童发展心理学有关的理论依据。玛丽.爱因斯沃斯曾提出关于依恋的三种基本类型：回避型、安全型、反抗型，这为我们研究依恋形成的因素提供了理论基础，本论文主要针对如何形成安全型依恋进行讨论、分析，从而得出一些避免或适当减少不良依恋行为的策略及方法。

2 依恋的概述

依恋是指婴幼儿对其主要抚养者或者主要接触的人特别亲近而不愿离去的情感，是存在于婴幼儿与其主要抚养者或主要接触的人之间的一种强烈而持久的情感联结。依恋的发生意味着婴幼儿社会化反应的开始，一般发生在刚出生几个月的婴儿身上，通常在出生到6~7个月时形成，此时婴幼儿主要是通过啼哭、微笑、吸吮、喊叫、抓握、依偎和跟随等行为表现出对亲密的人的依恋。

3 依恋形成的因素

根据相关研究的结果，依恋行为虽然在婴幼儿早期就表现出来，但这与后期的各种因素有很大关联，比如母爱剥夺、父母的抚养质量、婴儿本身的特点、家庭与社会的认同与支持等，每个因素对婴幼儿的依恋行为的形成都有不同程度的影响，这需要我们去发现并总结。

3.1 家庭因素

3.1.1 母爱剥夺

婴幼儿与主要抚养者或者主要接触的人分离，是母婴依恋研究通常使用的手段，其实在日常生活中不难想象这样一个场景：抚养者每天像履行公事般地与婴儿进行接触，没有亲亲抱抱，没有互相逗逗笑笑，缺少游戏，社会性刺激更是少之又少，婴幼儿与抚养者之间的互动交流更是少之又少，婴幼儿若长期处于这样的氛围中，会不断地哭泣，不敢接触周围的环境，对外界的刺激反应不敏感，形成胆小怕事的性格，而且他们无法体验到母亲的疼爱，随着年龄的增长，儿童会表现出焦躁不安或沉闷寡言，不利于儿童将来的人格发展。

鲍贝尔在1951年出版的《母亲照顾与心理健康》这本书中说，若是婴儿错过了在关键期内与母亲形成特别亲密的情感关系，那么儿童在与人交往、良好性格形成、社会性发展等方面就会受到无法估量的损害，漠视周围的一切，形成一种没有情感的性格。但就事实而言，儿童的年龄与受到影响的可能性之间并没有必然的联系，因为受到的影响绝大多数依赖于于儿童对事件的看法和内心的情感体验，这说明一些母婴分离、家庭破裂等儿童的早期经历对儿童依恋的影响也受到儿童的认知水平、情绪、个性发展的影响，比如一个只有几个月的婴儿和一个3岁的幼儿分别离开各自的母亲，那么他们所表现出来的情绪波动程度或行为的改变之处显然是不同的。

3.1.2 抚养方式

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