摘 要

苏轼是导致两宋词风转变的关键人物，从数量上看，其词作主要创作于贬谪时期。本文选取苏轼贬谪从黄州至岭海两个时期、三次贬谪的词作，采用文献调查法、统计归纳法、比较分析法，研析意象与苏轼抒发情感、转变人生态度的潜在关系，发现这一时期词作的意象围绕苏轼的谪居生活，呈现出“沉郁—乐观—超旷”的心境变化。

词作意象的选取，很大程度上代表了苏轼当时的情感态度。通过分析，将苏轼在贬谪时期的词作意象分为四个阶段：

黄州前期所选意象多描绘秋冬自然之景，营造凄凉氛围；黄州后期词作题材多选自村居生活、游历山水时的所见所闻，总体风格开阔疏朗；寓惠时期的苏轼所选意象多围绕岭南风土人情，风格趋于平和；贬儋州后能考证的词作不多，但词中意象均富有海南特色，有安居乐业之感。

苏轼贬谪词中的意象大多为自然景物，通过描绘景色来营造特定的氛围、表达内心情感；同时苏轼在词中也特别喜欢用名人典故，如陶渊明，借此来说理、抒情。苏轼独特的人格境界使得即使常见意象所表达的情感内涵也与其他贬谪词人大不相同，相较于秦观被贬后由迷茫转绝望，晁补之被贬后表面释怀内心始终对仕途的不顺耿耿于怀，苏轼豁达超逸的心境尤显特殊。

关键词：苏轼；苏词；贬谪；意象Abstract

Su Shi was the key figure leading to the transformation of the poetry style in the two Song Dynasties, in terms of quantity, his Ci were mainly created in the period of relegation. This dissertation selects the Ci of Su Shi's relegation from Huangzhou to Linghai in two periods and three relegations, adopting the literature survey method, statistical induction method and comparative analysis method, to study the potential relationship between image with Su Shi's expressing emotions and changing his attitude towards life. It is found that the imagery of Ci in this period revolves around Su Shi's life in exile, showing a change of state of mind "dull-optimistic-open-minded.

The choice of imagery in Ci, to a large extent, represents Su Shi's emotional attitude at that time. Through analysis, the image of Su Shi's Ci writing in the period of relegation is divided into the following four stages:

The images selected in the early stage of Huangzhou mostly depict the natural scenery in autumn and winter to create a desolate atmosphere. In the later period of Huangzhou, the themes of Ci were mostly selected from the experiences of living in villages and traveling, and the overall style is open and loose. The images selected by Su Shi, who lived in Huizhou, mainly centered on the local conditions and customs of Lingnan, and his style tended to be peaceful. After Danzhou, there are not many Ci that can be researched, but the imagery in them is full of Hainan characteristics, which makes them feel like living and working in peace.

Most of the images in Su Shi's relegation Ci are natural scenes. By describing the scenery, they create a specific atmosphere and express their feelings. At the same time, Su Shi also particularly likes to use celebrity allusions, such as Tao Yuanming, to talk about reason and express emotion. Su Shi's unique personality makes even the emotional connotations expressed in common images differ greatly from other authors of Ci. Compared to Qin Guan ’s demotion from confusion to despair, and Chao Buzhi was relieved on the surface after being demoted, and his heart was always resentful of the unlucky career, Su Shi's open-minded and super-easy mood is particularly special.

Key Words：Su Shi; Su Ci; relegation; imagery.

目录

第1章 绪 论 1

1.1 论文选题原因及意义 1

1.1.1 贬谪文学的价值 1

1.1.2 “全能文人”苏轼及其词作 1

1.2 国内外研究综述 2

1.2.1 有关贬谪文学的研究现状 2

1.2.2 有关苏轼的研究现状 3

1.2.3 有关苏词的研究现状 3

1.3 研究方法 3

第2章 苏词的主要风格及文学地位 5

第3章 “意象”概念 7

3.1 意象的研究 7

3.2 意象的特点 7

3.2.1 意象的自足性 7

3.2.2 意象的模糊性 8

3.2.3 意象的非独立性 8

第4章 苏轼贬谪时期的文学创作情况 9

4.1 黄州时期（1080—1084） 9

4.2 惠州时期（1094—1097） 9

4.3 儋州时期（1097—1100） 10

第5章 苏轼贬谪时期的词作意象 11

5.1 意象的选用 11

5.2 意象呈现的情感表达 12

5.2.1 初被贬谪、孤苦寂寥 12

5.2.2 自我调适、偶感伤怀 13

5.2.3 归隐避世、随遇而安 15

5.2.4 苦中作乐、豁达超然 17

第6章 苏轼贬谪时期独特的文化人格 19

6.1 “慕陶”——苏轼与晁补之 19

6.2 “现实与虚幻”——苏轼与秦观 20

结 语 22

致 谢 23

参考文献 24

第1章 绪 论

1.1 论文选题原因及意义

1.1.1 贬谪文学的价值

尚永亮先生在《贬谪文化与贬谪文学》中说：“一部中国文学史，很大程度上是由迁客骚人的低吟高唱所构成。”^[1]

作为中国封建时代重要政治制度，贬谪对中国古代文学发展影响甚广。从根本上来说，中国古代的士人大多通过科举求官，而文学正是科举考试的主要手段，这导致中国古代的士人多是文人，因此贬谪士人，势必会造成贬谪文人的出现。而中国文学史上最为出名的文人，许多都曾遭遇过贬谪——最早的屈原、宋玉；文学创作最为辉煌的唐宋两代，李白、杜甫、白居易、王维都曾是贬谪之人，唐宋八大家中贬谪了七人；词坛代表人物温庭筠、秦观、周邦彦也曾是贬谪者。如若除去这些文人的作品，文学史将大失异彩。

从情感上来说，文人遭遇贬谪，在前途挫败与生活困苦的交织中，将心情诉诸于文字之上是最安全的排解方式。屈原“发愤抒情”，司马迁“发愤所作”，韩愈“大凡物不得其平则鸣”，都能证明仕途的坎坷会激发文人的内心欲求，从而催生出大量文学作品。在人生最痛苦的阶段，文人们会思考人生的意义、生命的价值等本质问题，将自己的真情实感注入文字中，不再是“为赋新词强说愁”。

从题材上来说，贬谪扩宽了文人写作的题材。文人们一旦被贬谪，远离朝堂抵达偏远之地，他们的生活环境和眼界也会发生巨变；在陌生的地方生活，能体察不同的风土民情，从而对社会现实产生思考，大大增加了文人的人生阅历，文学作品的题材也拓宽为游历山水、百姓疾苦、怀古伤今等。