《阁楼上的疯女人》外文翻译资料
2022-12-09 10:26:02
The Madwoman in the Attic:The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination
Chapter1 The queen of the looking glass: womens creativity, men women paternal metaphor characteristic of image and the related literature
In female writer, however, break through the looking glass before, to the literary autonomy, she must also emerge on the mirror image, that is, the false mask, research that is both male artists in order to reduce their fear of her 'capricious ' and possession of her, in order to more thoroughly and mask on her face, method is to her and created their own'eternal generic ' mixed into one.
More need to mention is that as we strive to show here, a female writer need careful study, digestion, absorption, and ultimately beyond the image of those extremes, such as 'angels ' (angel) and the 'monster ' (monster), they are all created by male writers for women.
Virginia Woolf pointed out that before we can womens writing, must 'kill ' 'angel in the house ' (angel in the house).In other words, women must kill the aesthetic ideals, because it is in this form is to 'kill ' them, and then into the art.Similarly, all the women writers must kill the opposite of angels (opposite) and double (double), namely the 'monster ' in the house, because it is the face like medusa will also kill womens creativity.However, for those of us as a feminist critics, here, to achieve 'kill ' the angels and the monster in the form of Woolf action premise, first is for the nature and origin of the image has a certain understanding.
So, we should construct a kind of feminist poetics this point, we really need to do a good job of detailed anatomical analysis first, before you can kill the image., in order to deeply understand women writers literature, we especially want to do this job, because, as we specified below, 'angel ' and 'monster ' image has long been the two in male writers created literary works are everywhere, so in a way they certainly will will penetrate the female writers works, sure there is no doubt that there are few women writers 'killed ' the above any kind of image.Women writers have been groping in the dark for your imagination: not long ago, women writers had to (may simply be unconsciously) think of yourself as a hidden or angel/monster, monster, or angel such image behind a mysterious creature, with Mary, Elizabeth, Coleridges poem, living in the 'crystal on the surface of '.
For artists of all engaged in literary creation, of course, self definition must be more than the self maintenance, if say the 'I ' connect oneself what also dont know, so, what is 'I ' of the creative is unable to speak out.But for female artists, the basic process of this self definition is due to all of those will be different with her confuse the definition of patriarchy and become very complex.From Anne finchs trying to escape the kind of suffocating the fate of men for Andrea o (Ardelia), to Sylvia plaths the tell 'enemies of her doctor... she said, ' Im your work, I am your priceless 'raza Ruth woman (Lady Lazarus), we can see, women writers, pain, confusion and anger to admit that she saw in the mirror image, usually male constructed, is created in the minds of men of the ' pure baby dont cry ', purely artificial shining child.
For Christina rossetti, she realized the male artists of their objects women face 'paint ', often 'is not according to the way they actually, but according to their to their dream ' created.Finally, like 1859, 'A female poetry ' (A Woman s Poem) briefly mentioned, women writers insist that 'you (men) to create those you march into the world... and our world (gosh, that was you made!) ' - within the boundary of the narrow, 'only empty four wall... in which we can only do the responsibility of. 'Even though we have just quoted mentioned in this poem has been highly stereotyped female characters in essence is an angel with monsters just these two types of variations, they are on the surface seems to be very different, because women have so many mask, they are all being painstakingly created according to certain mode.Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 'Aurora lee ' (Aurora Leigh) showed that one of the key paragraph female artists from the male to female imagination can feel, both thats baffled rigid, features and mysterious variability.Young aurora intent gaze a portrait of her mother, it is important here, is this painting is only after her mothers death was painted (as a result, this painting is a death mask, it first symbolically represents a woman were killed, and then into the fate of art), aurora, thinking about the symbolism of the painting.She noticed the handmaiden of the mother insisted that her death as the hostess dressed in 'red and straight silk ' court dress appearance, not wearing a 'shroud ' with the British style, she thinks her mother put on the effect of such a piece of clothing is not real 'look very strange.
When the girl stared at the picture, her mother 'supernatural white life just like a swan ' and 'I used to read, or heard, or dream about anything ' mix together, therefore, in the face of such a charming beautiful image, the image of her mother changed: in order to become ghosts, demons and angels and fairies, witches, and goblins;She is a fearless Muse, eye emit light of the terrible fate;She is a lovely, blind psyche in order to love;She is a stationary medusa, with gentle, white forehead, all snake curled up on her head Their mucus drip quickly, just like the sweat;Or soon She became the mother of the suffering of Jesus maria, her sword in babies suck the milk from her breasts;Or, she has now become a grey image of mill The moonlight, her pale face, curled up the body, blinked, trembling, twisted, until it disappeared dirty place;Or go back to the original appearance, my mother put her last smile In her last kissed the babys lips My father was so sad
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《阁楼上的疯女人》
第一章 王后的窥镜:女性创造力、男性笔下的女性形象和有关文学父性特征的隐喻
第四节
然而,在女性作家突破窥镜、走向文学自主性之前,她还必须对浮现在镜面上的形象进行研究,也就是说,研究那些虚假的面具,那是男性艺术家既为了减少自己对她的“反复无常”的恐惧,又为了更加彻底地占有她,而罩在她脸上的,方法是将她与他们自己创造出来的“永恒的类属”混为一体。更加需要提及的是,正如我们要努力在此表明的,一位女性作家需要仔细研究、消化吸收并最终超越那些极端化的形象,比如“天使”(angel)和“怪物”(monster),它们都是男性作家为女性创造出来的。弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫指出,在我们女性能够写作之前,必须“杀死”“屋子里的天使”(angel in the house)。换句话说,女性必须杀死那种美学上的理想模式,因为她们正是以这种形式被“杀死”,然后进入艺术的。与此相似的是,所有的女性作家也都必须杀死天使的对立面(opposite)和重影(double),即屋子里的“怪物”,因为它那美杜莎一般的面容同样也会杀死女性的创造力。然而,对于作为女性主义批评家的我们而言,在此,要实现伍尔夫式的“杀死”天使和怪物的行动的前提,首先是要对这些形象的本质和起源有一定的理解。那么,在我们要建构一种女性主义的诗学这一点上,我们确实需要首先做好详细的解剖分析工作,然后才可以杀死那些形象。而为了要深入理解女性作家创作的文学,我们尤其要做好这项工作,因为,正如我们在下面还要说明的那样,“天使”与“怪物”这两类形象长期以来在男性作家创作的文学作品中可以说无所不在,因此,它们势必也会在相当程度上渗透进女性作家创作的作品之中,以至于很少有女性作家确定无疑地“杀死了”上述任何一类形象。女性作家一直是在黑暗之中摸索着获得自己的想象力的:不久之前,女性作家还不得不(可能仅仅是无意识地)把自己看成潜藏于或天使、或怪物、或天使/怪物这类形象背后的一种神秘的生物,用玛丽·伊丽莎白·柯勒律治的诗句来说,生活在“水晶的表面上”。 当然,对所有从事文学创作的艺术家而言,自我定义一定是要高于自我维护的:假如说这个“我”连自己究竟是什么也不知道的话,那么,具有创造性的“我是什么”是无法说得出来的。但是,对于女性艺术家来说,这种自我定义的基本过程却由于所有那些将不同的她与她混为一谈的父权制的定义而变得十分复杂。从安妮·芬奇笔下竭力想逃脱那种男性设计的令人窒息的命运的阿德莉亚(Ardelia),到西尔维娅·普拉斯笔下那位告诉“她的医生hellip;hellip;她的敌人”说,“我是你的作品,我是你的无价之宝”的拉扎鲁斯女士(Lady Lazarus)身上,我们都可以看到,女性作家痛苦、迷惘而又愤怒地承认,她在镜子里面看到的形象,通常都是男性建构出来的,是男性的头脑中创造出来的“纯洁的金娃娃”,纯粹人造的光彩熠熠的孩子。对于克里斯蒂娜·罗塞蒂而言,她认识到男性艺术家们对他们笔下女性客体的面容的“描摹”,经常“并不是根据她们实际上的样子,而是根据他们对她们的梦想”创造出来的。最后,就像1859年的《一位女性的诗歌》(A Womanrsquo;s Poem)中简明扼要地提到的那样,女性作家坚持认为,“你们(男人)创造了那些你们长驱直入的世界hellip;hellip;还有我们的世界(啊呀,那也是你们造出来的!)”——在那些狭窄的边界之内,“只有空空如也的四堵墙hellip;hellip;我们只能在其中做着分内之事。”尽管我们刚刚援引的这首诗中提到的被高度模式化了的女性角色从本质上说只不过是天使与怪物这两种类型的变体而已,它们从表面上看却似乎是非常不同的,因为女性有那么多的面具,它们都是煞费苦心地被根据一定的模式创造出来的。伊丽莎白·巴瑞特·勃朗宁的《奥罗拉·李》(Aurora Leigh)中的一个关键段落表明,女性艺术家从男性对于女性的想象中所能感受到的,既有那种令人困惑不解的僵化特征,又有神秘的多变性。年轻的奥罗拉凝神注视着她母亲的一幅肖像画,这里有一点很重要,就是这幅画是她母亲去世之后才被画出来的(因此,这幅画就成为某种死亡的面具,它象征性地表现了一位女性先是被杀死,然后进入艺术的命运),奥罗拉思考着这幅画的象征意义。她注意到母亲的侍女坚持要求把她去世的女主人画成身着“大红而笔挺的丝质”宫廷礼服的样子,而不是身穿“具有英国风格的寿衣”,她认为她母亲穿上这样一件不真实的服装的效果“看上去十分怪异”。当少女凝视着那幅画像时,她母亲“仿佛天鹅一般的超自然的白色生命”似乎和“我过去读到过,或者听到过,或者梦见过的任何东西”混在了一起,因此,在这样一个富有魅力的美丽形象面前,她母亲的形象发生了变化: 依次地 成为鬼魂、恶魔、天使、仙女、巫婆和妖精; 她是一位无畏的缪斯,眼中放射出可怕的命运之光; 她是一位可爱的、为了爱情而盲目的普赛克; 她是一位静止的美杜莎,有着温顺的白色的额头, 条条毒蛇蜷曲在她的头顶上 它们的黏液快速地滴下,就像汗水一般;或者很快地 她又变成了我们受难的耶稣之母玛利亚,长剑插在 婴儿吮吸她的乳汁的地方;或者,她又变成了蕾米尔的形象 月光下,她面色苍白,蜷缩着身体,眨着眼睛, 颤栗着、扭动着,直到隐入肮脏的地方; 或者变回我母亲原来的样子,把她最后一丝笑容 留在了她最后亲吻过的婴儿的双唇之上 我的父亲因此而悲伤地被击倒在床上; 或者她又变成了我母亲死后的样子,没有一丝笑容、一个亲吻, 葬在佛罗伦萨。奥罗拉通过凝视她死去母亲的画像而想到的各种与女性有关的形象是极端化的、具有情节剧特点和哥特式风味的——“成为鬼魂、恶魔、天使、仙女、巫婆和妖精”——尤其是当她告诉我们,她把自己的阅读和她所见到的东西混在了一起的时候。然而,这一点透露给我们的,却不仅仅有她本人始终受到男性定义的面具和服装的拘囿,正如她母亲一样,还有,就是男性定义的面具和服装已经无可避免地在她的心灵深处被内化了,改变和影响着她的想象。在巴瑞特·勃朗宁的这部诗体的教育小说当中,作为诗人的奥罗拉的自我发展居于诗人关注的中心位置,但是,如果她真的要成为一名诗人,她就必须先要摧毁作为男性的“作品”的那个僵死的自我,而焕发出一种新的生命,一个“反复无常的”自我。换句话说,她必须用“个体性”来取代“复制品的身份”,正如巴瑞特·勃朗宁曾经说过的一句话所表明的那样,勃朗宁有一次说,她觉得在她成熟的艺术作品当中,她终于实现了真正的自我。然而,值得注意的是,奥罗拉母亲的画像中所呈现的那些具有“复制品的身份”的自我最终仍然又一次地呈现为天使(“天使”、“仙女”或者还有“妖精”)和怪物(“鬼魂”、“巫婆”和“恶魔”)的道德上的极端化形式。 人类学家谢里·奥特纳(Sherry Ortner)在对“女性之于男性的关系相当于自然之于文化的关系吗?”这一问题所作的出色而卓有影响的分析之中提出,在任何一个社会之中,“和女性相连的精神形式似乎同时处于人类彼此之间发生关联的形式范围的底部和顶部。”她在尝试对这种“象征性的含混不明”进行解释的时候,通过指出女性“从某些观点上看来,可以既处于文化支配权的空间之下、又居于文化支配权的空间之上(当然,事实上只是在文化支配权的空间之外)”的事实,对“负面的女性符号(巫婆、邪恶之眼、经期的污染、具有阉割倾向的母亲们)和超越性的女性符号(母性女神、仁慈的拯救者、女性正义的化身)”均进行了分析。这就是说,正是由于女性被剥夺了笔所代表的权威——即主体性,她就不仅要被从文化(它的象征物很可能就是笔)中加以放逐,还要让自己成为文化或崇拜、或恐惧、或爱戴、或痛恨的神秘而格格不入的他者性(Otherness)的极端体现形式。作为“鬼魂、恶魔、天使、仙女、巫婆和妖精”,她介于男性艺术家和那个未知的世界之间,既在教导他走向纯洁,又在唆使他不断堕落。但是,她自己的艺术发展如何呢?由于长期以来她的发展已经被偏激地赋予了或天使或怪物的性质,文学女性从男性创作的文本的窥镜中发现,对于女性的想象力的某些理解,对于女性作家创作的作品的研究,从本质上来说还刚刚处于起步阶段。正如琼·迪迪恩(Joan Didion)最近刚刚指出的那样,之所以说“写作就是一种侵犯”,正是由于写作“是一种强加的行为hellip;hellip;是对别人最最隐私的空间的一种侵越的缘故”。和莱奥·贝尔萨尼“由于对文学的热爱而引发的某种身份上的灵活性”的观点类似,她的观点在有关文学写作和身份的关系问题上具有特别重要的意义。如果要对那些侵犯了无数文学女性的“最最隐私的空间”的男性建构进行全面彻底的清理的话,那么,是需要几百张书页才能清理得完的——当然,事实上已经出现了一些优秀的著作,对上述论题作出了贡献——但是,我们在此只是想对天使与怪物这两种极端化的形象类型进行一个简单的回顾,以便说明男性文本“强行施加于”女性的影响所造成的严重性。
S.M.吉尔伯特、苏珊bull;古芭.《阁楼上的疯女人:女性作家与19世纪文学想象》耶鲁大学出版社(第二版),2011年 第一章第四节471-474.
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