《夏山学校:一种激进的育儿方法》外文翻译资料
2022-12-24 16:52:40
Summerhill:A Radical Approach To Child Rearing
A.S.Neill.
TWO
CHILD REARING
The Unfree Child
The molded, conditioned, disciplined, repressed child--the unfree child, whose name is Legion, lives in every corner of the world. He lives in our town just across the street. He sits at a dull desk in a dull school and later, he sits at a duller desk in an office or on a factory bench. He is docile, prone to obey authority, fearful of criticism, and almost fanatical in his desire to be normal, conventional, and correct. He accepts what he has been taught almost without question; and he hands down all his complexes and fears and frustrations to his children.
Psychologists have contended that most of the psychic damage to a child is done in the first five years of life. It is possibly nearer the truth to say that in the first five months, or in the first five weeks or perhaps, even in the first five minutes, damage can be done to a child that will last a lifetime.
Unfreedom begins with birth. Nay, it begins long before birth. If a repressed woman with a rigid body bears a child, who can say what effect the maternal rigidity has on the newborn baby!
It may be no exaggeration to say that all children in our civilization are born in a lifedisapproving atmosphere. The time table feeding advocates are basically anti-pleasure. They want the child to be disciplined in feeding because non-timetable feeding suggests orgastic pleasure at the breast. The nutriment argument is usually a rationalization; the deep motive is to mold the child into a disciplined creature who will put duty before pleasure.
Let us consider the life of an average grammar school boy, John Smith. His parents go to church now and then, but nevertheless- insist that John go to Sunday School every single week. The parents had married quite rightly because of mutual sex attraction; they had to marry, because in their milieu one could not live sexually together unless one was respectable, that is, married. As so often happens, the sex attraction was not enough; and differences of temperament made the home a strained place, with occasional loud-voiced arguments between the parents. There were many tender moments too, but little John took them for granted, whereas the loud quarrels between his parents hit him in the solar plexus, and he became frightened and cried and got spanked for crying for nothing.
From the very first, he was conditioned. Timetable feeding gave him much frustration. When he was hungry, the clock said his feeding time was still an hour away. He was wrapped up in too many clothes, and wrapped too tightly. He found that he could not kick out as freely as he wanted to do. Frustration in feeding made him suck his thumb. But the family doctor said that he must not be allowed to form bad habits, and Mamma was ordered to tie up his arms in his sleeves or to put some evil-smelling substance on his fingertips. His natural functions were left alone during the diaper period. But when he began to crawl and perform on the floor, words like naughty and dirty began to float about the house, and a grim beginning was made in teaching him to be clean.
Before this, his hand had been taken away every time it touched his genitals; and he soon came to associate the genital prohibition with the acquired disgust about feces. Thus, years later, when he became a traveling salesman, his story repertoire consisted of a balanced number of sex and toilet jokes.
Much of his training was conditioned by relatives and neighbors. Mother and father were most anxious to be correct--to do the proper thing--so that when relatives or next-door neighbors came, John had to show himself as a well-trained child. He had to say Thank you when Auntie gave him a piece of chocolate; and he had to be most careful about his table manners; and especially, he had to refrain from speaking when adults were speaking.
His abominable Sunday clothes were a concession to neighbors. With this training in respectability went an involved system of lying--a system he was usually consciously unaware of. The lying began early in his life. He was told that God does not love naughty boys who say damn, and that the conductor would spank him if he wandered along the train corridor.
All his curiosity about the origins of life were met with clumsy lies, lies so effective that his curiosity about life and birth disappeared. The lies about life became combined with fears when at the age of five his mother found him having genital play with his sister of four and the girl next door. The severe spanking that followed (Father added to it when he came home from work) forever conveyed to John the lesson that sex is filthy and sinful, something one must not even think of. Poor John had to bottle up his interest in sex until he came to puberty, and then he would guffaw in the movies when some woman said she was three months pregnant.
Intellectually, Johnrsquo;s career was normal. He learned easily, and thus escaped the sneers and punishment a stupid teacher might have given him. He left school with a smattering of mostly useless knowledge and a culture that was easily satisfied with cheap tabloids, trite films, and the pulp library of crime.
To John, the name Colgate was associated only with toothpaste; and Beethoven and Bach were intrusive guys who got in the way when you were tuning in to Elvis Presley or the Beider becke Band.
John Smithrsquo;s rich cousin, Reginald Worthington, went to a private school; but his development, in essentials, was the same as that of poor John. He had the same acceptance of the second-rate in life, the same enslavement to the status quo, the same negation of lov
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《夏山学校:一种激进的育儿方法》
亚历山大.萨瑟兰.尼尔
第二章 养育孩子
不自由的孩子
这个被塑造的,有条件的,有纪律的,被压抑的孩子--一个不自由的孩子,名字叫军团,生活在世界的每一个角落。他住在我们镇上,就在街对面。他坐在一张无聊的桌子上在一个单调的学校里,后来他坐在办公室里或工厂的板凳上。他很温顺,容易服从权威,害怕批评,而且在他渴望正常、合作的狂热中几乎是狂热的。常规的,正确的。他几乎毫无疑问地接受了他所受的教育;他把所有的情结、恐惧和挫折都交给了他的孩子们。
心理学家认为,对孩子的精神伤害大多发生在生命的头五年。在前五个月,或者在前五周中,这可能更接近事实。我有几个星期,甚至在前五分钟,对一个孩子的伤害是可以持续一生的。
不自由始于出生。不,出生前很久就开始了。如果一个身体僵硬的受压迫的女人生了一个孩子,谁能说出母亲的僵硬对新生婴儿的影响呢?
可以毫不夸张地说,我们文明中的所有儿童都出生在不赞成的生活氛围中。时间表喂养的拥护者基本上是反快感的。他们想要那个孩子在喂食时受到约束,因为非时间表的喂养意味着乳房的狂欢性快乐.营养论通常是一种合理化;深层的动机是把孩子塑造成一个门徒。会把责任放在快乐之上的动物。
让我们考虑一下普通文法学校男孩约翰·史密斯的生活。他的父母偶尔去教堂,但是坚持让约翰每周去一次主日学校。父母结婚是正当的,因为相互的性吸引;他们必须结婚,因为在他们的环境中,除非一个人是受人尊敬的,也就是已婚,否则一个人不能在一起性生活。就像经常发生的那样,性别吸引力不够,气质的差异使家庭变得紧张,父母之间偶尔吵吵闹闹。也有许多温柔的时刻,但是小约翰认为他们是理所当然的,而他的父母之间的争吵就像在他的太阳神经丛打他,他变得害怕,哭了,并被打了一巴掌,而什么也没有得到。
从一开始,他就受到了约束。时刻表喂养使他遭受到了极大的挫折。当他饿的时候,时钟说他的进食时间还有一小时。他穿着太多衣服,包裹得太紧了。他发现自己不能像自己想要的那样自由地踢出去。吃东西时的沮丧使他吮吸大拇指。但是家庭医生说他不能被允许做这些坏习惯。妈妈下命令要用袖子把他的胳膊绑起来,或者在他的指尖上放些恶臭的东西。在尿布时期,他的自然功能被单独留下了。但是为什么他开始在地板上爬,在地板上表演,像淘气和肮脏的话语开始在房子周围飘浮,一个可怕的开始是教他保持清洁。
在此之前,他的手每次碰到他的生殖器都会被拿走,他很快就把禁止生殖器和对粪便的厌恶联系起来。因此,几年后,当他来了一个旅行推销员,他的故事曲目包括了一个均衡的性爱和厕所笑话。他的大部分训练都是由亲戚和邻居决定的。母亲和父亲是很忧虑的,都渴望他做正确的事情--所以当亲戚或邻居来的时候,约翰必须表现得像一个受过良好训练的孩子。当姨妈给他一便士时,他不得不说谢谢你的巧克力;他必须最小心的是他的餐桌礼仪;尤其是,当成年人说话时,他要克制住不能说话。
他那可恶的日校衣服对邻居来说是个问题。在这种体面的训练中,有了一个涉及到谎言的系统--一个他通常意识不到的系统。谎言在他生命的早期就开始了。他被告知上帝不会喜欢淘气的男孩,他们说该死的,而且如果他在火车走廊上游荡,售票员会打他一巴掌。他对生命起源的所有好奇都被笨拙的谎言和谎言所满足。他对生活和出生的好奇心消失了。当他五岁的时候,有关生活的谎言与恐惧结合在一起。他的母亲发现他和四岁的妹妹(隔壁的女孩)用生殖器嬉戏时。随之而来的严厉的打屁股(父亲下班回家时又打了一巴掌)永远向约翰传达了这样的教训:性是肮脏的,是罪恶的,这是一个人都不能做的事。可怜的约翰不得不压抑自己对性的兴趣,直到他进入青春期,然后当一个女人说她怀孕三个月时,他就会在大笑。
从智力上讲,约翰他的事业是正常的。他很容易学到东西,从而逃脱了一个愚蠢的老师可能会给他的嘲笑和惩罚。他离开学校的时候,带着一些几乎毫无用处的知识和文化。T很容易对廉价的小报、陈腐的电影和犯罪的纸浆库感到满意。对约翰来说,高露洁这个名字只与牙膏有关,而贝多芬和巴赫则是有侵扰性的人,当你收听猫王普雷斯利或拜德尔贝克乐队的时候,他们挡了道。
约翰·史密斯富有的表兄雷金纳德·沃辛顿上了一所私立学校,但他的发展却是必需品。和可怜的约翰一样,他同样接受生活中的二流,对现状的奴役,同样否定爱和欢乐。这些是约翰和雷金纳德个人的漫画!不完全是漫画,但我没有给出完整的图片。我忽略了这两个人的温暖人性,一个在最邪恶的性格条件中幸存下来的人性。与史密斯一家和沃辛顿家族一起生活主要是正派友好的人,充满孩子气的信仰和迷信,有着孩子般的信任和忠诚。他们和他们的同伴组成了约翰·公民,他制定法律,要求人道。他们是豌豆派,他们命令必须人道地杀死动物,植物必须得到适当的照顾;但当谈到人类对人类的不人道,他们就会崩溃。他们接受一种残忍的、非基督教的刑法而不带任何思想;他们认为在战争中杀害其他人是一种自然现象。
约翰和他富有的表亲一致认为爱情和婚姻法应该是愚蠢的、不友好的和可恨的。就爱情而言,他们同意男人必须有法律,女人也有另一条法律。两人都要求她们结婚的女孩应该是处女。当被问到他们是不是处男时,他们皱眉说:“男人不一样”。两人都是父权制国家的坚定支持者,即使是内伊。听说过这个词。他们被塑造成父权制国家认为其持续存在所必需的产物。他们的情绪倾向于人群情绪,而不是个人情绪。离开学校很久后,他们很讨厌学校里的男生,他们会感叹道:“我在学校被打了,这对我有很大的好处。”然后把他们的儿子们都赶走了。类似的学校。从心理上讲,他们接受父亲而不是对他进行建设性的反叛,因此父权传统一代一代地延续下去。为了完成约翰史密斯的画像,我应该给他妹妹玛丽的生活做一个简短的素描,因为总的来说,她的压抑环境和扼杀她的弟弟的环境是一样的。然而,她有约翰没有的特殊障碍。在父权制社会,她确实是个下等人,她被训练着了解这一点。当她的哥哥读书或是玩耍时,她不得不做家务。她很快就知道,当她找到一份工作时,她得到的报酬会比一个男人少。玛丽通常不会反抗她在一个人造社会中的低下地位,大部分都很俗气的男人们看到了她有补偿。她是礼貌的焦点;她受到尊重;如果她不坐下,男人就会站在她面前。一个男人会问她是否愿意嫁给他吧。玛丽被巧妙地教导说,她的主要功能之一是尽可能看起来可爱,结果是花在衣服和化妆品上的钱比花在书上的钱还要多。还有学校。在性方面,玛丽和她的兄弟一样无知和压抑。在父权制社会中,男人们已经颁布法令,规定他们的女人必须是纯洁的、童贞的、无辜的。玛丽在坚信女人的头脑比男人更纯洁的观点中成长,这并不是她的缺陷。以某种近乎神秘的方式,她的男人们让她思考并感受到她在生活中的作用只是生殖,而性快感是男人的领地。
玛丽的祖母,也许还有她的母亲,认为在合适的男人出现并引起她的注意之前,是不应该发生性行为的。玛丽已经脱离了那个阶段,但我们不愿相信。她的爱情生活是由对怀孕的恐惧所支配的,因为她意识到一个私生子会很难熬。克利破坏了她得到男人的机会。
今天和明天的主要任务之一是调查被压抑的性能量及其与人类疾病的关系。我们的约翰·史密斯可能死于艾德尼症和玛丽·史密斯可能死于癌症;也没有人会怀疑他狭隘而压抑的情感生活是否与他的疾病有关。总有一天人类可能会追溯它所有的苦难,憎恨,它的疾病,它的特定形式的文明,本质上是反生命的。如果刚毅的性格训练使人的身体僵化--收缩和限制而不是活着--搏动。这似乎合乎逻辑地得出结论:同样的死气沉沉将禁止生命所必需的每一个人体器官的脉动。
总之,我的论点是,不免费的教育结果在生活中并不完全有效。这样的教育几乎完全忽略了生活的情感,而且由于这些情感是动态的,它们缺乏表达的机会必须而且确实如此。它的廉价,丑陋和仇恨。只有头脑才受过教育。如果允许情绪真正自由,智力就会照顾好自己。
就像狗一样,人类的悲剧是他的性格可以塑造。你不能塑造猫的性格,一只比狗优越的动物。你可以给狗一个坏良心,但你不能给猫一个良心。但大多数人普遍更喜欢狗,因为它们的顺从和谄媚的尾巴摇摆能为主人的优势和价值提供明显的证据。
托儿所的训练很像狗窝训练;鞭打小孩子,像鞭打的小狗一样,成长为一个听话的,低人一等的成年人。当我们训练我们的狗以适应我们自己的目的时,我们就训练我们的孩子。在那个狗舍,在托儿所,小孩和狗要干净;它们不能叫得太多;它们必须服从哨声;它们必须在我们认为方便它们进食的时候进食。
在1935年,我看到了成千上万的听话的、谄媚的狗在柏林的尾巴上摇尾巴,伟大的驯兽师希特勒吹着口哨。
我想引用几年前宾夕法尼亚州一所女子医学院的一家医院为孕妇发放的几条指令。“拇指和手指吸吮的习惯可以通过将婴儿的手臂放在硬纸板管,使它不能弯曲手臂在肘部。““私人零件这些应严格保持清洁,以避免不适、疾病,并形成不良的习惯。
我要指责医学界对孩子的许多错误的养育。医生通常不接受育儿方面的训练,但对许多妇女来说,医生的话是上帝的声音。如果他说孩子必须因手淫而被打屁股,可怜的母亲不知道他是通过自己的性负罪感说话的,而不是通过他对孩子的科学知识。我指责医生开出愚蠢的时间表喂食,吸吮制止物,愚蠢地禁止与婴儿玩耍,禁止自己独处。问题孩子是一个被强迫保持清洁和性压抑的孩子。大人们理所当然地认为,应该教导一个孩子,使他们的行为举止尽可能的像成人一样安静。因此,重要的是服从,礼貌,顺从。
前几天,我看见一个三岁的男孩被他妈妈放在花园里。他的西装一尘不染。他开始演奏。他的衣服有点脏。妈妈冲了出去,打了他一巴掌,把他带到屋里,后来又送他出去,穿着新衣服哭了出来。十分钟后,他把衣服弄脏了,整个过程再次被重复了。我想告诉那个女人,她的儿子会恨她一辈子;更糟糕的是,我讨厌生活本身。但我意识到我什么也说不进去。几乎每次我去镇上或者城市,我看到一个三岁的孩子跌跌撞撞,然后我畏缩,看到母亲打孩子的屁股。几乎在每一次火车旅行中,我都听到一位母亲说:“威利,如果你到科里去再说一遍,售票员会逮捕你的。“大多数儿童是在谎言和无知的禁令的组织中长大的。许多在家待孩子很好的母亲都会大发雷霆。因为她害怕邻居的意见,所以在公共场合暴力地对他或打他。这孩子必须从一开始就被迫适应我们这个疯狂的社会。
有一次,当我在英国一个海滨小镇演讲时,我说:“你们的母亲是否意识到每次你打孩子的时候,你都显示出你在恨你的孩子?”反应是巨大的。这个女人们对我大喊大叫。晚上晚些时候,我就“如何改善家庭的道德和宗教气氛”这一问题发表了自己的看法。观众们兴高采烈地嘶嘶地叫着我。这对我来说是个打击,因为当我去讲课的时候,我主要是给那些相信我信仰的人讲课。但这里有一群工薪阶层和中产阶级的听众,他们从未听说过儿童心理学。它使我我们意识到,反对儿童自由,以及反对自己自由的坚实的大多数是多么根深蒂固。
文明是病态和不幸的,我声称这一切的根源都是不自由的家庭。孩子们被所有的反应和仇恨的力量所扼杀,从他们的摇篮中消失。他们被训练成对生命说不,因为他们年轻的一生是一段漫长的不。别做噪音;不要手淫;不要说谎;不要偷窃。
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