1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

ernest hemingway is one of the greatest writers and most of his novels are concerned about the life of heroic figures, so many scholars interpret the old man and the sea employing the ecophilosophy theory. liu yunxia (2012) mentions that the old man and the sea reveals the profound contradiction of santiago, on the one hand, he appreciates the beauty of nature, on the other hand, he has no choice but to catch fishes for his own survival. the big marlin also show its sublime spirituality and preeminent strength and the sea has two sides of shining surface and agitation from the perspective of ecological aesthetics. lai ji (2002) states that the old man goes fishing for simple life is in line with the law of jungle and santiago sees the individual human being as a part of ecosystem and human society, and he is eager to the harmonious relationship between nature and human. lai ji also analyzes that the old man santiago alludes to jesus, who is experiencing another crucifixion when he fighting with a big marlin. xu lin (2007) maintains that santiago treats the sea with love and reverence and also expresses a prophetic plea for equality between human and nature.

kong ling (2009) notes that the motif of the old and the sea is to arouse the ecological awareness of human and strike a balance between human being and environment.

as for the analysis on ”tough guy” santiago, few predecessors in literature have dissected the character from different points of view: attitude towards life, autobiographical angle and the old man#8217;s words and deeds.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

1. research topic

the tough guy and ecophilosophy in the old man and the sea: hemingway is a great writer with deep ecological consciousness and heroism, which is greatly attributed to his personal background and life experiences. his concise language and penetrating analysis enable the readers to appreciate its artistic beauty uncovering the theme. this paper, however, intends to reveal more details worthy of consideration and discussion about tough guy and ecophilosophy based on the previous studies.