1．结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写2000字左右的文献综述：

1.#160;Introduction

1.1#160;#160;Research#160;background#160;

Francis#160;Scott#160;Key#160;Fitzgerald#160;(1896#160;#8211;1940)#160;was#160;an#160;American#160;novelist#160;and#160;short#160;story#160;writer,#160;whose#160;works#160;are#160;the#160;typical#160;writings#160;of#160;the#160;Jazz#160;Age.#160;He#160;is#160;widely#160;regarded#160;as#160;one#160;of#160;the#160;greatest#160;American#160;writers#160;of#160;the#160;20th#160;century.#160;Fitzgerald#160;is#160;considered#160;a#160;member#160;of#160;the#160;"Lost#160;Generation"#160;of#160;the#160;1920s.#160;He#160;finishes#160;four#160;novels:#160;This#160;Side#160;of#160;Paradise,#160;The#160;Beautiful#160;and#160;Damned,#160;#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby#160;and#160;Tender#160;Is#160;the#160;Night,#160;and#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby#160;is#160;best#160;well-known.

The#160;Great#160;Gatsby#160;has#160;been#160;widely#160;recognized#160;as#160;Fitzgerald#8217;s#160;most#160;popular#160;work,#160;which#160;is#160;set#160;in#160;New#160;York#160;in#160;the#160;1920s.#160;Based#160;on#160;the#160;First#160;World#160;War,#160;the#160;novel#160;truly#160;and#160;vividly#160;describes#160;the#160;condition#160;of#160;America#160;at#160;that#160;time.#160;Capitalism#160;was#160;thriving#160;in#160;the#160;age#160;of#160;the#160;transition#160;from#160;the#160;old#160;to#160;the#160;new,#160;as#160;the#160;United#160;States#160;was#160;turning#160;quickly#160;from#160;agricultural#160;civilization#160;into#160;the#160;modern#160;society#160;of#160;industrialization#160;.#160;Meanwhile,#160;the#160;economic#160;development#160;was#160;in#160;a#160;good#160;situation,#160;which#160;helped#160;people#160;live#160;in#160;a#160;comfortable#160;life.#160;Thus#160;many#160;wanted#160;to#160;earn#160;more#160;money#160;and#160;gained#160;more#160;fortune#160;blindly.#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby#160;combined#160;with#160;the#160;writer#8217;s#160;real#160;experiences#160;and#160;feelings#160;to#160;reveal#160;the#160;plot#160;of#160;American#160;Dream#160;in#160;his#160;heart.#160;We#160;can#160;see#160;from#160;it#160;that#160;American#160;Dream#160;played#160;an#160;important#160;and#160;necessary#160;part#160;in#160;American#160;culture.#160;

1.2#160;Need#160;for#160;the#160;study

There#160;is#160;no#160;doubt#160;that#160;one#160;of#160;the#160;most#160;remarkable#160;successes#160;of#160;the#160;novel#160;is#160;the#160;employment#160;of#160;symbolism.#160;Fitzgerald#160;employed#160;so#160;many#160;symbols#160;in#160;his#160;novel#160;in#160;order#160;to#160;reflect#160;the#160;profound#160;inherent#160;meaning#160;of#160;the#160;society#160;as#160;well#160;as#160;the#160;background#160;at#160;that#160;era.#160;However,#160;people#160;usually#160;can#160;find#160;out#160;the#160;obvious#160;appearance#160;of#160;the#160;story#160;rather#160;than#160;go#160;into#160;an#160;in-depth#160;study#160;on#160;some#160;symbols.#160;Thus#160;what#160;we#160;need#160;to#160;do#160;is#160;to#160;explore#160;the#160;symbolism#160;in#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby#160;by#160;making#160;a#160;systematic#160;and#160;detailed#160;analysis#160;on#160;a#160;series#160;of#160;important#160;objects,#160;colors,#160;characters#160;and#160;especially#160;settings#160;with#160;symbolic#160;meanings#160;in#160;relation#160;to#160;its#160;themes.#160;While#160;previous#160;studies#160;are#160;not#160;very#160;specific.#160;We#160;have#160;to#160;fill#160;in#160;the#160;gaps,#160;such#160;as#160;the#160;analysis#160;of#160;the#160;symbolism#160;of#160;settings.

2.#160;Literature#160;review

2.1#160;Previous#160;study#160;in#160;the#160;novel

For#160;some#160;critics,#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby#160;is#160;regarded#160;as#160;a#160;great#160;achievement#160;of#160;Fitzgerald#8217;s#160;literary#160;career.#160;What#160;it#160;evokes#160;not#160;only#160;the#160;pursuit#160;of#160;the#160;American#160;dream#160;and#160;happiness,#160;but#160;also#160;the#160;reducing#160;moral#160;values#160;faced#160;with#160;increasing#160;materialism.#160;Many#160;people#160;believe#160;that#160;this#160;novel#160;is#160;a#160;masterpiece.#160;In#160;addition#160;to#160;its#160;profound#160;connotation,#160;this#160;novel#160;is#160;one#160;of#160;the#160;excellent#160;and#160;wonderful#160;works#160;in#160;literature#160;no#160;matter#160;from#160;its#160;content#160;or#160;design.#160;As#160;the#160;famous#160;English#160;poet#160;and#160;literary#160;critic#160;T.#160;S.#160;Eliot#160;says#160;that#160;”it#160;is#160;the#160;first#160;step#160;that#160;American#160;novels#160;have#160;been#160;taken#160;since#160;Henry#160;James".#160;(Yu,#160;2010,#160;p.85)#160;Besides,#160;Richard#160;Culler#160;comments#160;that#160;"The#160;Great#160;Gatsby#160;has#160;become#160;so#160;much#160;a#160;fact#160;of#160;American#160;literature，so#160;much#160;a#160;permanent#160;presence,#160;a#160;persistent#160;influence#160;that#160;it#160;is#160;almost#160;impossible#160;to#160;imagine#160;contemporary#160;American#160;fiction#160;without#160;Jay#160;Gatsby.#160;No#160;other#160;figure#160;in#160;our#160;literature#160;has#160;become#160;so#160;eponymous".#160;Chang#160;Yaoxin,#160;a#160;famous#160;Chinese#160;professor#160;also#160;remarks#160;that#160;"Fitzgerald#160;found#160;intuitively,#160;in#160;his#160;personal#160;experience,#160;the#160;embodiment#160;of#160;that#160;of#160;the#160;nation#160;and#160;created#160;a#160;myth#160;out#160;of#160;American#160;life".

Throughout#160;the#160;years,#160;critics#160;from#160;different#160;fields#160;have#160;made#160;a#160;large#160;number#160;of#160;#160;studies#160;on#160;this#160;book#160;and#160;come#160;to#160;conclusions#160;by#160;focusing#160;on#160;different#160;aspects.#160;A#160;majority#160;of#160;the#160;critics#160;make#160;the#160;analysis#160;of#160;the#160;novel#8217;s#160;themes,#160;practically#160;the#160;theme#160;of#160;American#160;dream.#160;Marius#160;Bewley#160;has#160;done#160;a#160;study#160;on#160;American#160;Dream#160;and#160;has#160;written#160;an#160;article#160;Scott#160;Fitzgerald's#160;Criticism#160;of#160;America#160;in#160;which#160;he#160;says#160;that,"#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby#160;is#160;an#160;exploration#160;of#160;the#160;American#160;dream#160;as#160;it#160;exits#160;in#160;a#160;corruption#160;period....the#160;essence#160;of#160;the#160;American#160;dream#160;whose#160;tragedy#160;Gatsby#160;is#160;enacting#160;is#160;that#160;it#160;lives#160;in#160;a#160;past#160;and#160;a#160;future#160;that#160;never#160;exists,#160;and#160;is#160;helpless#160;in#160;the#160;present#160;that#160;does".#160;Additionally,#160;in#160;China,#160;Zhang#160;Lilong--#160;a#160;Chinese#160;celebrated#160;scholar#160;of#160;American#160;literature,#160;says#160;that#160;”The#160;Great#160;Gatsby#160;is#160;actually#160;a#160;recall#160;and#160;summary#160;of#160;the#160;changing#160;process#160;of#160;the#160;American#160;Dream.”#160;

Of#160;course#160;some#160;critics#160;have#160;focused#160;on#160;the#160;symbols#160;existed#160;in#160;this#160;novel.#160;One#160;of#160;them#160;has#160;payed#160;great#160;attention#160;to#160;the#160;color#160;symbols.#160;In#160;Wang#8217;s#160;article,#160;she#160;says#160;that#160;”In#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby,#160;Fitzgerald#160;skillfully#160;uses#160;his#160;imagination#160;to#160;show#160;the#160;charm#160;of#160;colors.#160;Colors#160;play#160;an#160;important#160;role#160;for#160;characterization.#160;They#160;are#160;also#160;helpful#160;to#160;express#160;the#160;theme#160;of#160;the#160;novel#160;in#160;a#160;vivid#160;way”.#160;（Wang,#160;2006,#160;p.75）Although#160;many#160;symbols#160;such#160;as#160;the#160;valley#160;of#160;ashes,#160;Gatsby#8217;s#160;mansion,#160;the#160;colors#160;of#160;green,#160;yellow,#160;white,#160;and#160;some#160;other#160;objects#160;are#160;discussed#160;frequently#160;by#160;the#160;researchers,#160;the#160;symbolism#160;in#160;settings#160;are#160;seldom#160;involved.#160;We#160;can#160;also#160;find#160;that#160;some#160;of#160;the#160;symbolic#160;analysis#160;are#160;isolated#160;from#160;other#160;aspects.#160;So#160;this#160;thesis#160;is#160;intended#160;to#160;analyze#160;the#160;setting#160;symbols#160;in#160;detail#160;and#160;then#160;associate#160;all#160;symbols#160;with#160;the#160;themes#160;of#160;the#160;novel.

2.2#160;Symbolism

Symbolism#160;refers#160;to#160;an#160;object#160;representing#160;another#160;to#160;give#160;it#160;an#160;entirely#160;different#160;meaning#160;that#160;is#160;much#160;more#160;deeper#160;and#160;more#160;significant.#160;As#160;normally#160;used#160;in#160;literary#160;study,#160;symbol#160;suggests#160;a#160;connection#160;between#160;the#160;ordinary#160;sense#160;of#160;reality#160;and#160;a#160;moral#160;or#160;spiritual#160;order.#160;

2.2.1#160;Classification

Generally#160;speaking,#160;symbolism#160;in#160;this#160;book#160;can#160;be#160;divided#160;into#160;four#160;parts:#160;characters,#160;colors,#160;objects#160;and#160;settings.#160;

1)#160;Symbolism-characters:#160;In#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby,#160;the#160;author#160;describes#160;two#160;meaningful#160;and#160;symbolic#160;figures--Gatsby#160;and#160;Daisy.#160;And#160;both#160;of#160;them#160;are#160;the#160;main#160;characters#160;which#160;is#160;related#160;to#160;the#160;American#160;Dream.

2)#160;Symbolism-colors:#160;Color#160;symbol#160;refers#160;to#160;the#160;application#160;of#160;color#160;as#160;a#160;representation#160;or#160;a#160;symbol#160;in#160;literature.#160;There#160;is#160;a#160;great#160;diversity#160;in#160;the#160;employment#160;of#160;colors#160;and#160;their#160;connections#160;of#160;cultures.In#160;fact,#160;the#160;same#160;color#160;may#160;represent#160;different#160;meanings#160;even#160;under#160;the#160;same#160;background.#160;Color#160;is#160;very#160;important#160;that#160;writers#160;can#160;convey#160;their#160;ideas#160;and#160;feelings#160;through#160;the#160;way#160;of#160;using#160;it.#160;In#160;some#160;cases,#160;each#160;kind#160;of#160;color#160;has#160;its#160;potential#160;meaning.#160;For#160;instance,#160;green,#160;usually#160;means#160;hope#160;or#160;things#160;that#160;are#160;good;#160;red,#160;usually#160;means#160;passionate#160;and#160;warm#160;in#160;China,#160;but#160;in#160;the#160;western#160;world,#160;red#160;is#160;a#160;symbol#160;of#160;annoyance#160;or#160;aggression.#160;So#160;it#8217;s#160;necessary#160;to#160;explore#160;and#160;understand#160;the#160;deep#160;meaning#160;in#160;literature.

3)#160;Symbolism-objects:#160;There#160;are#160;also#160;some#160;objects#160;which#160;contain#160;symbolic#160;meanings.#160;Several#160;important#160;sites#160;are#160;mentioned#160;in#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby.#160;These#160;sites#160;not#160;only#160;tell#160;the#160;place#160;where#160;the#160;story#160;happened,#160;but#160;also#160;contain#160;a#160;special#160;symbolic#160;meaning.

4)#160;Symbolism-settings:#160;For#160;example,#160;the#160;America#160;society#160;is#160;known#160;as#160;a#160;big#160;”melting#160;pot”.#160;Among#160;this#160;country,#160;there#160;is#160;a#160;land#160;composed#160;of#160;two#160;unusual#160;formations:#160;the#160;East#160;Egg#160;and#160;the#160;West#160;Egg.#160;The#160;East#160;Egg#160;and#160;the#160;West#160;Egg#160;are#160;both#160;rich,#160;but#160;they#160;have#160;different#160;social#160;status#160;which#160;is#160;one#160;of#160;the#160;most#160;important#160;themes#160;in#160;this#160;novel.#160;Meanwhile,#160;it#160;is#160;a#160;barrier#160;for#160;almost#160;everyone,#160;which#160;is#160;bad#160;for#160;the#160;communication#160;between#160;the#160;East#160;Egg#160;and#160;the#160;West#160;Egg.#160;

2.2.3#160;Significance

Symbolism#160;is#160;a#160;very#160;valuable#160;literary#160;technique.#160;Novelists#160;and#160;playwrights#160;would#160;like#160;to#160;use#160;symbolism#160;to#160;describe#160;the#160;feature#160;of#160;objects#160;and#160;characters,#160;or#160;reflect#160;the#160;theme#160;of#160;the#160;story.#160;In#160;this#160;book,#160;it#160;is#160;not#160;difficult#160;to#160;find#160;that#160;Fitzgerald#160;has#160;applied#160;a#160;lot#160;of#160;symbols#160;which#160;function#160;quite#160;well#160;in#160;expressing#160;the#160;author#8217;s#160;opinions#160;and#160;feelings#160;to#160;the#160;readers#160;and#160;reveling#160;themes.There#160;are#160;so#160;many#160;symbols#160;in#160;the#160;novel#160;that#160;make#160;the#160;story#160;complete#160;and#160;terrific.

2.2.4#160;Deficiency#160;in#160;previous#160;studies

In#160;western#160;countries,#160;American#160;Dream#160;was#160;the#160;hottest#160;topic#160;among#160;people,#160;most#160;works#160;pay#160;attention#160;to#160;the#160;social#160;problems#160;and#160;social#160;life#160;of#160;America.#160;Few#160;people#160;can#160;analyze#160;the#160;use#160;of#160;symbolism#160;in#160;the#160;novel#160;or#160;can#160;entirely#160;describe#160;the#160;process#160;of#160;the#160;development#160;of#160;American#160;Dream,#160;and#160;few#160;can#160;connect#160;Fitzgerald#8217;s#160;American#160;dream#160;with#160;Gatsby#8217;s.#160;

In#160;China,#160;people#160;exposed#160;the#160;dark#160;side#160;of#160;reality#160;in#160;America#160;by#160;analyzing#160;the#160;vanish#160;of#160;American#160;Dream#160;and#160;causes#160;of#160;tragedy.#160;Some#160;researchers#160;also#160;analyze#160;the#160;personalities#160;of#160;characters#160;to#160;light#160;up#160;the#160;theme#160;of#160;the#160;book.#160;But#160;still#160;few#160;researchers#160;can#160;analyze#160;the#160;symbolism#160;of#160;different#160;things#160;in#160;this#160;novel.#160;

In#160;conclusion,#160;most#160;researchers#160;don#8217;t#160;define#160;the#160;root#160;of#160;the#160;disillusionment#160;of#160;American#160;Dream#160;or#160;analyze#160;the#160;symbolism#160;in#160;the#160;book.#160;Besides,#160;they#160;can#8217;t#160;connect#160;the#160;Gatsby#8217;s#160;American#160;Dream#160;with#160;the#160;author#8217;s.#160;What#8217;s#160;more,#160;though#160;somebody#160;may#160;do#160;researches#160;on#160;the#160;symbolism#160;of#160;characters,#160;objects#160;and#160;colors,#160;seldom#160;do#160;they#160;study#160;the#160;symbolism#160;of#160;settings.#160;

#160;

Works#160;Cited

[1]#160;A#160;S#160;Hornby.#160;Oxford#160;Advanced#160;Learner#8217;s#160;English-Chinese#160;Dictionary#160;6th#160;edition,#160;2011:1792.#160;

[2]#160;Baym,#160;Nina.#160;The#160;Norton#160;Anthology#160;of#160;American#160;Literature#160;Fourth#160;edition#160;Volume#160;2[M].New#160;York:#160;W.W.#160;Norton#160;and#160;Company#160;#160;

[3]#160;Byan#160;Bryan.#160;Major#160;20th#160;Century#160;Writers[M].#160;Detroit:#160;Gale#160;Research#160;Inc,#160;1991:80.#160;#160;

[4]#160;Bloom,#160;Harold:#160;F.#160;Scott#160;Fitzgerald#8217;s#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby.#160;New#160;York/Philadelphia:#160;Chesea#160;House#160;publishers,#160;1986:94.#160;#160;

[5]#160;Brown,#160;H.D.#160;American#160;literature.#160;Shanghai#160;foreign#160;language#160;education#160;press,#160;Shanghai:#160;1993.#160;

[6]#160;Bruccoli,#160;Matthew#160;Joseph.#160;F.#160;Scott#160;Fitzgerald#8217;s#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby:#160;A#160;Literary#160;Reference,#160;New#160;York:#160;Carroll#160;and#160;Graf#160;Publishers,#160;2000:6.#160;#160;#160;

[7]#160;John#160;Aldridge:#160;Fitzgerald:#160;The#160;Horror#160;and#160;Vision#160;Paradise,#160;Prinston#160;Hower#160;Publishing#160;Company,#160;196.#160;#160;#160;

[8]#160;布莱恩#183;菲利普斯,《了不起的盖茨比》，#160;天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2003.

[9]#160;Miller,#160;James.#160;F.#160;Scott#160;Fitzgerald:#160;His#160;Art#160;and#160;His#160;Technique.#160;New#160;York:#160;University#160;Press,#160;1964.#160;#160;

[10]Ornstein,#160;Robert.#160;Physiological#160;Studies#160;of#160;Consciousness.#160;New#160;York:#160;Institute#160;for#160;Cultural#160;Research,#160;1973.#160;#160;

[11]Stanley.#160;F.#160;Scott#160;Fitzgerald's#160;The#160;Great#160;Gatsby,#160;Beijing:#160;Foreign#160;Language#160;Teaching#160;and#160;Research#160;Press,#160;1996.

[12]Baumgarten,#160;Murray.#160;Fictions#160;of#160;the#160;City.#160;Shanghai:#160;Shanghai#160;Foreign#160;Language#160;Education#160;Press#160;by#160;Arrangement#160;with#160;Cambridge#160;University#160;Press,#160;2003.#160;#160;

[13]Bewley,#160;Marius.#160;Fitzgerald,#160;The#160;Gatsby,#160;The#160;Novel,#160;The#160;Critics,#160;The#160;Background.#160;New#160;York:#160;Charles#160;Scribner's#160;Sons#160;,1970.#160;#160;

[14]Broccoli,#160;Matthew#160;J.#160;Some#160;Sort#160;of#160;Epic#160;Grandeur:#160;The#160;Life#160;of#160;F.#160;Scott#160;Fitzgerald.#160;New#160;York:#160;Harcourt#160;Brace#160;Jovanovich,#160;Inc.,#160;1980.#160;#160;

[15]Chang#160;Yaoxin.#160;A#160;Survey#160;of#160;American#160;Literature.#160;Tianjin:#160;Nankai#160;University#160;Press,#160;2008.#160;#160;

[16]Culler.#160;Jonathan.#160;Structuralist#160;Poetics:#160;Structuralism,#160;Linguistics#160;and#160;the#160;Study#160;of#160;Literature.#160;New#160;York:#160;Charles#160;Scribner's#160;Sons,#160;1975.

[17]#160;李希.论《了不起的盖茨比》中的色彩描写在刻画人物的中的作用.外国文学研究,#160;2002.

[18]#160;董爱华.谈《连不起的盖茨比》中颜色象征在表现主题中的作用爱.克山师专学报

#160;

#160;

#160;

２．#160;本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）：

1.#160;Research#160;Topic

Symbolism#160;is#160;a#160;widely-used#160;technique#160;in#160;the#160;literary#160;creation.#160;Novelists#160;often#160;use#160;symbolism#160;to#160;describe#160;the#160;feature#160;of#160;objects#160;and#160;characters,#160;or#160;reflect#160;the#160;meaning#160;of#160;the#160;main#160;topics.#160;This#160;novel#160;can#160;be#160;regarded#160;as#160;a#160;great#160;success#160;in#160;terms#160;of#160;the#160;means#160;of#160;artistry#160;and#160;symbolic#160;technique.#160;This#160;thesis#160;is#160;trying#160;to#160;make#160;a#160;detailed#160;and#160;systematic#160;analysis#160;of#160;the#160;symbolism#160;in#160;the#160;novel.#160;Writers#160;like#160;to#160;use#160;it#160;because#160;symbolism#160;is#160;very#160;important#160;literary#160;skill,#160;which#160;can#160;help#160;create#160;characters#160;and#160;reveal#160;the#160;theme.#160;Fitzgerald#160;used#160;a#160;series#160;of#160;symbols#160;to#160;depict#160;the#160;degeneration#160;of#160;human#160;morality#160;accurately#160;and#160;also#160;to#160;clarify#160;the#160;disillusionment#160;of#160;American#160;dream#160;of#160;the#160;Jazz#160;Age.#160;This#160;paper#160;combined#160;the#160;characters#160;and#160;subject#160;to#160;analyze#160;the#160;important#160;symbolic#160;images#160;in#160;the#160;fields#160;of#160;color,#160;characters#160;and#160;objects.#160;

#160;

2.#160;Research#160;Methods

Major#160;research#160;methods#160;will#160;include#160;documentation,#160;analytic#160;method#160;and#160;induction.

1)#160;Documentation.#160;A#160;document#160;research#160;is#160;the#160;process#160;of#160;reading,#160;analyzing,#160;evaluating,#160;and#160;summarizing#160;scholarly#160;materials#160;about#160;a#160;specific#160;work.#160;The#160;author#160;of#160;the#160;thesis#160;has#160;consulted#160;in#160;many#160;libraries#160;and#160;books#160;for#160;some#160;background#160;information,#160;including#160;the#160;works#160;finished#160;by#160;Fitzgerald,#160;the#160;social#160;reality#160;in#160;America#160;at#160;that#160;time#160;and#160;some#160;comments#160;made#160;by#160;researchers.#160;In#160;the#160;meantime,#160;the#160;academic#160;online#160;materials#160;are#160;also#160;used#160;as#160;the#160;references#160;in#160;my#160;study.

2)#160;Analytic#160;methods.#160;I#160;will#160;point#160;out#160;my#160;own#160;view#160;on#160;the#160;topic#160;and#160;the#160;deep#160;meaning#160;of#160;different#160;objects#160;by#160;analyzing#160;the#160;materials#160;I#160;have#160;collected.#160;Then#160;I#160;can#160;give#160;some#160;more#160;understanding#160;and#160;make#160;researches#160;on#160;the#160;symbolism#160;of#160;settings#160;for#160;discussion.

3)#160;Induction.#160;This#160;method#160;refers#160;to#160;the#160;drawing#160;of#160;a#160;conclusion#160;by#160;gathering#160;all#160;the#160;ideas#160;and#160;comments#160;together.#160;In#160;this#160;way,#160;I#160;can#160;sum#160;up#160;a#160;specific#160;and#160;general#160;conclusion#160;for#160;readers#160;to#160;understand#160;the#160;theme#160;better.