1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

Mark Twain and his ecological conceptions have been studied by lots of critics from different perspectives，including ecological elements，symbolic theory of novel creation and characters，the theme of freedom, and sharply comparison between the life on the land and on the river. The ecological and non-ecological elements in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn including Ecofeminism, American Western Culture, the meaning of Natural symbolism and the important way that the writer conveys his judgment on the anxious society. Ernest Miller Hemingway once said that ”All contemporary American literature originated from a book of Mark Twain that is The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn，If you read it, you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating.”(55) All of us may feel the harmonious ending implied the cruel fact that the nasty and bad habits were polluting the great mother river. That is a truly reflection of the 19th Native Literature in America based on whose works made a clearly depiction of the social decayed condition and showed his anxiety and disappointment. Bruce Robertson mentioned in his book How to Meet the Famous that: ”Mark Twain wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as a sequel to his best-selling children's book, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. However, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn's language and its themes make it too difficult for children to comprehend. Twain intended it for adults.” (18) This novel expressed the pursuit of freedom, honesty, ideal destination through comparison and symbolization techniques about raft, The Mississippi River, some ecological elements and two fraudulent, the feud between two families, Carol town, some non-ecological elements which was not only a famous book for children but also a good novel for adults to understand various and complicated facts of the society in 19th America. The literary critic Leslie Fiedler suggested in his book of Love and Death in the American Novel that ”the central theme of all U.S. literature is the escape of American men or boys from civilization into the wild. Often a reaction to heartbreak, and sometimes in the company of other men or boys, this flight is the dynamic at the center of books and stories as diverse as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Big Two-Hearted River by Ernest Hemingway, and many more.” (9) The ecological and non-ecological elements, including The Mississippi River, the land, the raft, the rainstorm and the balance in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn have been studying for a quite long time which was an important way that the writer to reveal the distinct differences between the life on the land and on the great mother river#8212;The Mississippi River. Some other scholars thought the story uncovers the truth of life under the background of the Mississippi River which was actually a mirror of the corruptive, degenerated society. Many Chinese researchers and critics also have made their comments on this famous work. Chi Qing considered that Mark Twain made the poignant comparison between innocent life on the river and the corruptive life on the land to depict the picture -- before the Civil war, slavery is hindering the development of the society, and the Mississippi River on the original ecological life with shore life contrasts to show the present situation of the American society at that time, everywhere present the scene of a piece of stagnation and decline, social money worship prevails and people's spiritual emptiness, the robbers running amok. At the time of the American Society of darkness, moral decadence and hypocrisy of slavery were eroding people#8217;s mind. Throughout the whole novel, the author was committed to declare his aspiration, that is, he was eager to get rid of the modern material civilization. Although it is impossible to find out the truth of the freedom, the author still firmly advocated pursuing back into the natural thoughts and feelings. (74) Tan Qingyan said that the author made the closely inner factors which seem to be shattered distribute in the work to series out of the plot. The author is eager to get rid of the shackles of the modern material civilization and the sincere desire for freedom. Meanwhile, he revealed the prototype meaning and the secret of the metaphorical world. Mark Twain endowed Huck with personalities of smart, brave, honesty and clear and with his innocent eyes watching the world around him, showing the American society at that time: everywhere was a piece of stagnation and decline of the social scene, worship, people had the spirit of emptiness and the robbers wantonly. When the dark society and moral declined, waste and hypocrisy of the slavery system, is calling the hero's salvation. And the American hero form is not bound by the shackles of the traditional, full of spirit of adventure, self-reliance, by their own efforts. However, The Mississippi River which stream never stops flowing gives Huck of motherly comfort. She tortures his soul, purifies his soul and gives him the courage to live and boosts his strong vitality, which made Huck to set off his original journey of life. (116) This compelling work is still attracting researches and discussions from various perspectives. Undoubtedly, Mark Twain showed us an amazing adventure fiction and portrayed his eagerness in satiric and humorous tone. As a matter of fact, the Carol Town is inexistent which made us pitiful.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

In order to figure out the ecological elements and non-ecological elements in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn, I have first of all read the Chinese version to get a basic comprehension about the whole story. After that, I read the English version to receive more details. In addition to the most traditional way of getting information, another modernized tool--- the Internet is indispensible, providing me with abundant background information. In this study, I adopt literature research to collect a number of relevant documents and study the subject systematically. The relevant documents include Native American Literature, assessment of Mark Twain and his works, etc. Last but not the least; my supervisor helps me a lot with this thesis. She constantly gives some grammatical suggestions. Reading books, taking notes, turning to library and the Internet, and discussing with my supervisor for more help are the main methods of this study. The thesis is going to embark on the study of the ecological elements and non-ecological elements through the background introduction of the technique and its development in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. Subsequently, a detailed analysis, all the ecological and non-ecological elements and techniques in this novel, will be made. Part three will focus on the aesthetic writing of symbolization, its influence. At last, it will demonstrate the conclusion, stressing the relationship between Mark Twain#8217;s writing genre and the social background and his experience.