1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

2.1 Basic Concepts 2.1.1 English Affixes Robert Henry writes that the term”affix”originally comes from the European language.(1964,p.34). According to General Linguistics by Robert Henry, English is a kind of morphology language. affixation is a very active and reproductive method to form new words. many scholars in the west have a unitive cognition about affixes. English affixes are forms that are attached to another morpheme to modify meanings or functions.(morpheme refers to the smallest meaningful and indivisible unit of language). Richards, Crystal, Trask have made different definitions about English affixes, however, the essence of their definitions are the same: all affixes are single and bound morphemes. and they can not be used separately. Affixes in English can be categorized into two parts: Derivational affixes and Inflectional affixes. Derivational affixes refer to affixes which are added to another morpheme to derive a word carrying new meaning. Inflectional affixes does not form a new word with a new lexical meaning when they are added to another words, only having particular grammatical meanings. Taking the angle of affixes#8217; position within English vocabularies, affixes can be divided into three parts: the prefixes, the infixes, the suffixes. Suffixes in English mostly do change the property of words. 2.1.2 Chinese Affixes As we all know English and Chinese are two different languages, both having their respective way of world-formation. J. Zhang has mentioned that Chinese is a non-morphological language, which was once considered non-affix language.(1979,p.13). In order to simplify The second language acquisition, scholars introduced this concepts into Chinese. A Chinese character is a minimum meaningful morpheme. Chinese morphemes are divided into two categories: morphemes of words and morphemes of non-words. morphemes of words are equal to free morphemes in English, they can be used as words carrying meanings, morphemes of non-words are the same with English affixes, they can not be used as dependent vocabularies because of their formalization property. There is a certain number of morphemes of non-words (Chinese affixes), Chinese linguistics place strict standards on these affixes: complete semantic bleach, high productivity in word-formation, strong adhesion and polarization. Under such definitions, the following morphemes are long viewed as Chinese affixes: er(尔), zi(子), tou(头), jia(家), zhe(着), hu(乎), ran(然), hua(化),di(第),lao(老), a(阿), chu(初), xing(性). All these are considered as Traditional Chinese Affixes. The visible characteristics of these affixes are that they have fixed position within a word ,a high level of grammaticalization. A the same time, most of them can show the properties of words. Over the past decades, under the influence of Lndo-European language and social reform, a lot of morphemes of words (equal to word base with notional meaning) show a high rate of appearance, such as qinmei (亲美), qinhan (亲韩); tuokouxou (脱口秀), fengcaixiu(风采秀)#8230;#8230;morphemes like qin(亲) and xiu (秀) have a strong ability to form new words. Although they have satisfied one or two requirements of Chinese affixes, linguists take very prudent attitude toward them and title them Quasi-affix because they are not stable and have a low level of grammaticalization. In my paper, Quasi-affixes are all viewed as Chinese affixes. 2.2 General Situation of Relative Research field A great number of studies about affixes in English and Chinese have been carried out. Chen and Guo have analyzed Chinese and English affixes from the perspectives of word-formation abilities of English and Chinese affixes, orientation of English and Chinese affixes, variability of English and Chinese affixes, the indication of word#8217;s property of English and Chinese affixes and the level of formalization of English and Chinese affixes (2003). This comparison takes the angle of Chinese and English affixes#8217; properties. Such viewpoint is relative micro and fundamental. Authors of this academic journal have analyzed the differences and accordance of English and Chinese affixes by quoting authoritative saying and typical examples. According to Z.X. He, all affixes are bound morphemes which must be attached to a word base to form a new word, no matter in English and Chinese (1999). In another word, Chinese and English affixes both have the ability to build new words. The characteristic of affixes is that they have a fixed position within words, both Chinese and English. So the orientation of affixes in English and Chinese is the same. As for the variability, we need to trace back to the nature of languages: Language is the production of social development, new words are coming along with the appearances of new things. English and Chinese affixes changed accordingly. So we have reached a conclusion: English and Chinese affixes are always under the state of constant changing. When we talk about the indication of word properties of English and Chinese affixes, most suffixes in English mark the properties of words. Chinese affixes also can indicate the characteristic of a word. e.g. bar (吧) {酒吧,氧吧}. the word”ba”refers to a public place. It is a noun. Well-known Chinese linguistic L. Wang once said: Prefixes and suffixes in English are usually notional, the meaning of affixation words are usually the sum of the meaning of word bases and affixes. While in Chinese, traditional affixes like zi(子), ba (巴), jia(家), tou(头)#8230;#8230;are almost empty words, they almost have no meanings. However, Quasi-affixes sometimes have metaphoric meanings or extended meanings. e.g. gun(棍) {恶棍 赌棍}.”gun”refers to scoundrel people. mi(迷) {影迷 戏迷}.”mi”refers to people who are addicted to a particular thing. So the levels of formalization of English and Chinese affixes are varied. The level of formalization of English affixes is lower than that of traditional Chinese affixes. To be fair, This point of view the two authors have adapted is conception-based. Comparative analysis under such perspective is easy to be understood. Zhang has analyzed Chinese and English affixes according to their respective location within a word and their corresponding meanings (2001). Such as fei(非), Prefixes in Chinese. un-, non-, in-#8230;#8230;Several prefixes in English have a equal negative meaning. Many English and Chinese suffixes have equal grammatical functions or meanings. e.g. ”#8211;fy, -ize #8230;#8230;”In English are the same with hua(化) in Chinese. Adding English affixes ”#8211;fy, - ize” to a adjective to make it a verb. e.g. pure-purify, simple-simplify, modern-modernize. Corresponding phenomenon in Chinese: 干净-净化，简单-简化，现代-现代化.This phenomenon is called Equal Forms and Meanings of English and Chinese Affixes. Deranged Forms and Meanings is that English and Chinese affixes have the same meaning but different locations. e.g. lovely-可爱的;joyful-可乐的;hateful-可恨的;shameful- 可耻的.In English, suffixes ”-ly, -ful” represents adjective. In Chinese, a prefix (ke),make a word adjective. Analysis from this perspective illustrates that languages in different families have identical and different forms of affixes. However, this achievement is not penetrating, the perspective that the author takes is simple and one-fold. In order to make a convincing and comprehensive analysis about English and Chinese affixes to help the second language vocabulary learning and English and Chinese translation, I would like to compare English and Chinese affixes from following perspectives, which are relative macro: The Sources of English and Chinese Affixes, The Category Comparison between English and Chinese affixes ( prefixes, infixes, suffixes). I would like to cite examples and make diagrams to expose the differences in origins of English and Chinese affixes, the quantity differences of English and Chinese affixes, and the differences of productivity of English and Chinese affixes. Then a conclusion would be reached: Languages have identical and unique aspects in different levels. The word-formation ability of English affixes is more powerful than that of Chinese affixes, while the generated ability of Chinese affixes overtops that of English counterparts. The quantity of English affixes is stable and changeless, while Chinese affixes is under the state of metabolism. The final aim of multi-dimensions comparative analysis is to provide a practical method to master a certain scale of vocabulary with less effort to simplify and enlighten the second language vocabulary leaning and English-Chinese-Translation.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

#9642;Research Questions: 1. Are there any discrepancies of the sources between Chinese and English affixes ? 2. What are the differences and similarities between Chinese and English prefixes, Chinese and English infixes, Chinese and English suffixes? #9642;Research methods: I would like to compare English and Chinese affixes from following perspective: The sources of English and Chinese affixes, the category comparison between English and Chinese affixes ( prefixes, infixes, suffixes). The method is that examples would be cited and diagrams would be made to expose the differences in origins of English and Chinese affixes, the quantity of English and Chinese affixes, as well as the productivity of English and Chinese affixes.