1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

1.Introduction Language and culture are interdependent. It is impossible to translate a foreign language text without taking the culture into consideration. Idioms are the essence and crystallization of a nation`s language and culture. They shine with accumulated wisdom, carry strong national characteristics and play an important role in introducing a nation`s culture, thus are heavily culture-loaded.If translated properly, they can not only help to transfer the original cultural flavor of the source language, but also enrich the target language. However, idiom translation is a difficult task. Because idioms are stable in structure and rich in cultural factors, there are many barriers in idiom translation. Nowaday some translators employ the translation strategies--domestication to using the strategies of translation. When cultural factors are taken into consideration. This thesis will serve as a supplement to the previous studies in this field. 1.1Need for the study Culture covers a very wide area of human life and behavior, E. Sapir believes that Culture can be explained as what the society does and thinks(2004), and Kohla reckons that Culture refers to the way of a certain community, including what people think, say, do and all things they have done (2003). Language is manifestly a part of culture. language, then, is the heart within the body of culture and it is the interaction between the two that results in the continuation of life-energy(Bassnett, 2004). Idioms, which constitute a large part of our knowledge of language, are a persistent feature of language.Eugene Nida points out, What people of various culture have in common is far greater than what separates them one and another (Nida Jin Di, 1984). The study of English idioms has shown the developed process of multidisciplinary research. From structural linguistics, we study the idioms as symbols in isolation, and move towards the social factors beyond idioms and idioms, explaining the function of idioms in social communication. It can be said that the study of English idioms in the past is a kind of static study of language, and the functional study of idioms is a dynamic study(Zhang Zhenhua, 2007). Competent translators are always aware that ultimately words only have meaning in terms of the corresponding culture(ibid, 2001:139). Translation is used as much to transmit knowledge and to create understanding between groups and nations, as to transmit culture(ibid, 2001). So, It has important sense to find out an appropriate way to translate idioms. 1.2 Research purpose The author discusses domestication in idiom translation. Specifically speaking, the purpose of this study is two-folded:firstly, to analyzes the necessities and advantages of employing domestication as the strategy in idiom translation;secondly, to find out the application and the limitation of employing domestication as the strategy in idiom translation. Since culture influences language and language in turn reflects culture, the translation of cultural elements in idiom translation is an obligatory task.As idioms are culture-loaded linguistic symbols, it is impossible to avoid cultural elements in idiom translation. The cultural differences as well as similarities in English and Chinese idioms are sure to bring about difficulties and barriers in translation. A satisfactory translation of idioms is closely related both to the ways of treating the linguistic forms and the strategies to deal with the cultural terms. Domestication and foreignization are two cultural strategies for translation,while domestication and foreignization are not contradictive but mutually complementary. Both domestication and foreignization are necessary in transfer of cultural elements. Domesticating translation is easier to understand and accept because expressions and styles familiar to the target language readers are adopted. The author study domestication by combine the views of the predecessors and summary the example to show its application situation in idiom translation objectively. The author hopes further contribution will be made in idiom translation. 2. Literature review the study of the practice of translation had moved on from its formalist phase and was beginning to consider broader issues of context, history and convention (Bassnett Lefevere, 2001). If translation is carried out on the dimension of linguistics: translation as art assimilation (free; sense-for-sense) or alienation (word-for-word); If translation is carried out on the dimension of cultural studies: translation as ideology domesticating (colonializing) or foreignizing (decolonializing). When culture is taken into account in translation, the paradox of domestication and foreignization replaces that of free translation and literal translation(罗选民, 2004). Lu Xun put forward his own opinion about the definition of domestication as rewriting, changing the foreign story in Chinese story and changing the foreigners into Chinese(罗新璋, 1984). Domestication as an indispensable means to avoid linguistic and cultural conflicts and to achieve effective intercultural communication in translation(Nida, E.A, 1993,2001; Jin Di, 1984; Taber, Charles R, 2004). 2.1 Theoretical foundations On the different methods of translating, there are only two. Either the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him. Or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him (Venuti, 1995). He defines domestication as an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bringing the author back home, and defines foreignization as an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad(ibid, 1995). The representative advocates include Yan Fu , Fu Lei , Qian Zhongshu , etc. Yan Fu#8217;s ”faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”, Fu Lei#8217;s ”spiritual likeness ”, and Qian Zhongshu`s ”conversion” are all for the purpose of making the target-language readers feel that the version they are reading does not read like a ”translated version” but rather like a ”created work” (孙致礼, 2002). 2.2 Dynamic equivalence Eugene. A. Nida, a famous American translation theorist, His concept of dynamic equivalence or functional equivalence in translation is the representative of the domesticating strategy. Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the target language wording will trigger the same impact on the target culture audience as the original wording did upon the source text audience (Nida Taber, 1969). Nida classifies the equivalence into two levels that are minimal level of equivalence and maximal level of equivalence. He regards maximal level of equivalence as ideal and thus hard to achieve and minimal level of equivalence as fundamental and basic requirement of translation. The minimal level is defined as one in which receptors of the translated text would be able to understand and appreciate it to the point of being able to comprehend how the original receptors must have understood and appreciated the message(Nida, 1964). He also states a translation of dynamic equivalence aims at complete naturalness of expression and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture(ibid, 1964). The phrase naturalness of expression indicates the importance of a fluent strategy to this translation theory. References Bassnett, Susan. 2004. Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Bassnett, Susan. Lefevere, Andre. 2010. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation[C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Brown, Deaver. 2016. 1500 Most Popular American Idioms[M]. Lincoln, MA : Simply Media. Fernando, Chitra. 2000. Idioms and Idiomaticity[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Jonathan, Owens. 2016. The lexical nature of idioms[J]. Language Sciences. Katan, David. 2004. Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Kralova, Jana. Ozeroff, Beylard. Moser-Mercer, Barbara. 1995. Translators` Strategies and Creativity[M]. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Kraszewski, Charles. 1998. Four Translation Strategies Determined By the Particular Needs of the Receptor[M]. Lewston: The Edwin Mellen Press. Lefevere, Andre. 1992. Translation, History and Culture[M]. London and New York: Routledge Publishing. Shuttleworth, Mark. Cowie, Moira. 2004. Dictionary of Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai: SFLEP. Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator#8217;s Invisibility: A History of Translation[M]. 1995. London and New York: Routledge Publishing. Yang Chunli. 2010. Cultural Differences on Chinese and English Idioms of Diet and the Translation[J]. English Language Teaching. 蔡平. 2002(5). 翻译方法应以归化为主[J]. 中国翻译, 戴炜栋 何兆熊. 2010. 新编简明英语语言学教程第2版[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 骆世平. 2006. 英语习语研究[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 孙致礼. 2002(1). 中国的文学翻译:从归化趋向异化[J]. 中国翻译, 熊兵. 2003(3). 文化交流翻译的归化与异化[J]. 中国科技翻译, 周志培. 2003. 汉英对比与翻译中的转换[M]. 上海：华东理工大学出版社, 张学英 张会. 2005. 汉英英汉习语大全[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 张镇华. 2007. 英语习语的文化内涵及语用学研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

The present study domestication in idiom translation.The specific research questions are as follows: 1.What is the necessities and advantages of employing domestication as the strategy in idiom translation? 2.What is the application and the limitation of employing domestication as the strategy in idiom translation？ The study method is dynamic equivalence.The above mentioned studies compare idioms extracted from OXFORD Idioms Dictionary. After carrying out the data cleaning, it is more reasonable and representative. Besides, it is plausible to infer Chines scholars` analyses on English culture and language on the basis of it.