1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

Introduction Ernest Hemingway, the famous American novelist, is a giant of modern literature. In his early days, he was famous for being the representative of the lost generation. The theme of his works is to praise the sincerity and bravery of ordinary people. Hemingway himself is a hard man who likes to drink, hunt, fish, boxing, and skiing. Along with his prominent short stories, Hemingway#8217;s four major novels#8212;The Sun Also Rises (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), and The Old Man a nd the Sea (1952)#8212;comprise a great contribution to modern fiction. Hemingway, produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, is the owner of the Nobel prize for literature in his novel The Old Man and the Sea in 1954 and the founder of the "news body" novel. After winning the price, Hemingway had a variety of diseases, caused him great physical and mental pain, not able to make a very influential works, which made him depressed, forming a negative mood. Finally he freed himself like his grandfather and father in the way of suicide. The whole world was shocked, and people were sighing for the death of the giant. Maybe this is also a pursuit of Hemingway's "hard man spirit". His works are unique in style and simple in literary form which are very influential in Europe and America. In 1932, Hemingway put forward the famous "iceberg principle" in his work The Death of the Afternoon. He said that the dignity of the movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. Taking "iceberg" as an analogy, he thinks that the author should only describe the part of the iceberg that is out of the water while the underwater part should be prompted by the text, so that readers can enjoy the space of imagination and supplement. The birth of the iceberg principle is closely associated with Hemingway#8217;s life experiences. After graduating from high school, he worked as a cub reporter for the Kansas City Star for six months from which he quickly learned that truth often hides below the surface of a story. As a young journalist, Hemingway had to focus his newspaper reports on immediate events, with very little context or interpretation. When he became a writer of short stories, he retained this minimalistic style, focusing on surface elements without specifically discussing underlying themes. Hemingway believed the deeper meaning of a story should not be evident on the surface, but should be expressed implicitly. Hemingway#8217;s style, with its consistent use of short, concrete, direct prose and of scenes consisting exclusively of dialogue, gives his novels and short stories a distinctive accessibility that is immediately identifiable with the author. Ma Yuan, the novelist, thinks that the more inherent quality of "Iceberg Theory" can be summed up as "experience ellipsis". He pointed out that many commentators began to contrast Hemingway's ellipsis with the traditional blank theory. They thought it was the application of implicative technique which was a great mistake. What the traditional ellipsis omitted is sentiment and charm but Hemingway's omission is a completely different thing: solid experience. Owing to the direct character of both his style and his life-style, there is a inclination to cast Hemingway as a ”representative” American writer whose work reflects the stouthearted, forthright and rugged individualism of the American spirit in action. Literature Review The iceberg principle had a strong influence on#160;20th-century fiction and it still enjoys great literary value and research value in modern society, quite a number of theses have been written to discuss and analyse the application of the principle in Hemingway#8217;s works. Wang Jingfang and Wang Ye, taking The Old Man And The Sea as an example, point out that iceberg principle can hide the feelings and emotions in the images to the greatest extent, making the emotions rich but not exposed and the thought deep and hidden but not obscure. They also discuss that the charm of iceberg principle lying in the rigorous and concise "telegraph style", vivid life language and the expression way of containing more feelings within limited words. Another paper named A Good Example of Hemingway#8217;s Iceberg Principle: The killers written by Zhuang Xinyue argued that Hemingway#8217;s writing style benefits much from his various life experiences. This paper talks about iceberg principle by analyzing the main characters in the book which is very detailed. It is easy, from the paper, to see how Hemingway organize the story and understand many details between the lines. A paper written by Sun Cheng, like Zhuang, talks about The killers, too. However, he uses the iceberg theory to explore the meanings of every information. From every simple description of the character and from the dialogues of the characters in the book, he can analyze and find the real intention the writer with logic. So Zhuang is focused on the characters while Sun on the application of iceberg principle. Different from others, Liu Donglin discusses iceberg principle from two parts: hiding the rich emotional world of the characters and concealing the complex theme of the works. For the two parts, Liu chooses several typical novels and analyses them separately according to the two parts which is very clear for readers to get the information conveyed by the novels. Besides, Tang Renfang mentions the artistic means in her paper on The Old Man and The Sea and lists four aspects: subtle narrative techniques and simple words with deep meanings, "telegraphic" dialogues and profound symbolism. Moreover, Zhou Ye comments on the iceberg principle from a particular point of view. He points out that the iceberg principle is similar with the ”hide” and ”show” theory proposed by Liu Xie, a Chinese ancient literary critic. But Qin Chenghua and Liu Yuhong argu that ice principle is similar in the ”hide” part and different in the ”show” part in that Hemingway shows the theme with concise words while Liu Xie lays emphasis on excellent words or sentences. Anyway, they all agree that the iceberg principle has a strong guiding significance for literary creation. From the above I have mentioned, it is obvious to find that most people pay their attention on the application of the iceberg principle and the charm of it. Through my searching for the information about iceberg principle, I can barely find any paper writing about how does iceberg principle promote the development of the plot. In my paper, not only will I discuss about the application and charm of iceberg principle, but I will talk about the promotion of the development of the plot.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

Methods and Procedures of the Study Firstly, I read the original novels of Hemingway such as The Old Man And The Sea and A Farewell To Arms and some famous short novels such as The Killers, Cat in the Rain, Hills Like White Elephants. It is true that Hemingway#8217;s novels are concise in the words. So even I can understand what story the writer is telling, I do not understand the connotation behind it. So I searched online for the general idea of the novels for better understanding and also read a lot about other readers#8217; comments on the novels and their own understanding of the themes and meanings of the novels. Hemingway#8217;s works are simple at first sight but they will absolutely amaze you when you dig into them. Secondly, based on the understanding of the novels, I combined theoretical research and text book study. I searched for the papers about iceberg principle, trying to understand the meaning of it and read the novels again to feel the application of iceberg principle in the novels. Different people give different opinions form different aspects. It is really helpful to synthesize different opinions for my own understanding. From comparison, I can find the useful information from those papers and, to some extend, have some enlightenment. Finally, I think about how to organize my thesis. In the first part, there will be the introduction and background of the author and iceberg principle. The second part will be the literature review. And then comes the third part for the analysis of iceberg principle. The conclusion part will be the last. Conclusion Hemingway's iceberg principle has played a great role in the history of literature. It gives a new style of writing. It is a kind of ellipsis which is actually a part of imagination that we can fill in with experience. Therefore, this ellipsis skill maximizes the reader's experience and participation, which makes the reader believe that the writer trusts his own understanding and experience ability. In this sense, Hemingway equals the 7/8 empty of the iceberg where the reader is filled with experience. This must be a new kind of novel aesthetics. It is also necessary to continue to think about how to improve the content of its aesthetic level. But at least we can say that this experience is not only relates to the problem of how to keep the content simple, it is also related to the cognition and presentation of the world and the problems concerned with the life of the novelist and how to convey this kind of situation. And thus can possibly create the situational aesthetics of the novel. The inevitable manifestation of Hemingway's iceberg principle in his works is that the full meaning of the work is not limitedly promoting the development of the plot but, behind the work, there is always a logical link of the world and every details, even omitted details, in the work are potential reasons behind.