1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

Like I said in the introduction, Hemingway was considered one of the most famed novelist in the 20th century, and his works won him a Pulizter Prize and a Nobel Prize in literature, the two awards only granted to the greatest. Putting these achievements aside, reading Hemingway#8217;s works instills one with lasting inner strength that brings his feet back on the ground, not to mention the pure pleasure while reading his simple but poweful words. Therefore, the elapse of time have#8217;ve quenched people#8217;s desire to explore Hemingway#8217;s masterpieces and his inner world, tons of studies done on the subject with more to come in the future. When people think of Hemingway, certain tags naturally pop into people#8217;s mind like ”Code Hero”, ”Grace under pressure”, ”the lost generation”, and these are among the most explored subjects. Nevertheless, Hemingway#8217;s treasure haven#8217;t been exploited fully. For instance, with most of the studies focused on Hemingway#8217;s writing styles and code hero spirit and the like, there has been few discourses about Hemingway#8217;s death theme, which I like to think is a key element when we try to understand Hemingway and his works, as is pointed out by the English fiction critic H. E. Bates in The Modern Short Story A Critical Survey ”It may appear that Hemingway writes about all kinds of things, boxing, fights, illegal surgeries, hunting and fishing, all those subjects related to physical strength, but in essence he writes about one and only topic, death.” Among these few pieces, most of them are devoted to certain aspects that fall into the following categories; the connection between Hemingway#8217;s life experience during WWI and his theme of death, the development of Hemingway#8217;s death theme and the value of his death theme. For instance, A Research On Hemingway#8217;s Death Theme by Zhang Na covers the aspects mentioned above. The author wrote in his paper ”Hemingway#8217;s death theme arises from his life-in-death/death-in-life experiences. When Hemingway was a child, he always went together with his father to diagnose the patient#8230;#8230;the feeling has been written into his later writings#8230;#8230;an unusual war age made him deeply understand the authenticity and brutality of death#8230;#8230;his memories of war and death decide that death is to become his predominant theme of most of his works.#8217; As for the development of death theme, she divided it into five parts; initial fear for death, powerlessness before death, acknowledgement of death, transcendence of death and detachment of death. Another author, Li Yin, expressed her view on the same subject differently in her paper, Analysis of Hemingway#8217;s Death Theme. Unlike zhang, she divided the development of death theme into three stages; he would never die, death and man, man and death. Both of the two authors mentioned the significance of the death theme. Li wrote ” Hemingway makes use of death to test and temper man#8217;s courage, manhood and other ”Code Hero#8217; spirits, which altogether achieve the values of life#8217;, while Zhang wrote ” The significance of Hemingway#8217;s death theme not only lie in its provoking deep meditation on the wars and their disastrous consequences, but more importantly lies in its profound influence upon the attitudes of the ”lost generation” towards life after the wars. However, when I read through these papers, it seems to me that many of them either lack in details and proof,which results in invalidity, or focus on limited aspects. What#8217;s more, the casual browse through Hemingway#8217;s many novels decreases the concentration on the death theme. Therefore, based on existing knowledge, this paper will be focused on some new aspects that#8217;s less explored, including the similarity and difference between Hemingway#8217;s death theme and traditional tragedy, how the death theme is presented in the two books The Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Old Man and the Sea. The positivity of death will also be a main topic.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

questions： 1. What are the similarities and difference between Hemingway#8217;s death theme and traditional tragedy 2. How is the death theme presented in the two books The Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Old Man and the Sea. 3. What's the positive effects of death itself as a part of the death theme methods： In addressing the first question, quoting and comparing will be the main method, for numerous studies has been done on tragedy, and in order to solve the second question, considerable content of the two books will be quoted directly for analyzing. For the third one, cause and effect analysis will be used.