1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述）

henry james, regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism and psychological realism, wrote many prestigious fictions and dramas in his whole life. however, since his works are often too obscure to be fully understood, the readers are limited to certain amount of people, and the researches about his literary works are numbered. critics have jokingly described three phases in the development of james's prose: "james i, james ii, and the old pretender.”(guedalla, philip, 1921). and as miller, james e., jr., ed. stated in his book theory of fiction: henry james that beginning in the second period, but most noticeably in the third, henry james increasingly abandoned direct statement in favor of frequent double negatives, and complex descriptive imagery. single paragraphs began to run for page after page, in which an initial noun would be succeeded by pronouns surrounded by clouds of adjectives and prepositional clauses, far from their original referents, and verbs would be deferred and then preceded by a series of adverbs. the overall effect could be a vivid evocation of a scene as perceived by a sensitive observer.

now, though james is a relatively prolific writer, most of the present researches tend to cast more interest on his most representative works like the portrait of a lady, daisy miller, the american, the wings of the dove and the golden bowl, few on this not-so-famous fiction paste. in addition, those researches mainly focus on the most typical features and general themes permeating in all his works or penetrate the practical use of some literary theories manifested in his masterpieces. the directions often cover the topics such as the cultural conflict between american and europe, the psychological activities of characters, female subjects and theory of structuralism. in the preface to the new york edition of the american james himself describes the development of the story in his mind as exactly such: the "situation" of an american, "some robust but insidiously beguiled and betrayed, some cruelly wronged, compatriot..." with the focus of the story being on the response of this wronged man. xiaolin sang researched in the thesis comparative literature and world literature that henry james is obviously prefers female subject. the women in his works always bear the role of inspiring and influencing men, because he thinks american women are superior to men in terms of courage and self-cultivation. and ali taghizadeh wrote in his paper a theory of literary structuralism (in henry james) that the role of language in james, his innovative narrative modes like the use of "scenic method" and "unreliable narrator," and the highlighted role of the reader in his last style which renders it a space of critical interpretation by the professional elite make his fiction structurally analyzable.

this paper will focus on paste to study the technique of innuendo henry james used in this novel, not by probing into how he takes advantage of specific methods of innuendo, but by exploring the real phenomena and situation his words insinuate and epitomize in his period. therefore this paper attempts to manifest the whole society’s attitudes during his era towards religion, social classes and ethics and morality, through the elaborate textual analysis of characters’ dialogues, allusions from classical works and the writer’s own narration part, so as to arouse the awareness of further researches on james’ more works, especially some distinct writing methods hid in his many not-so-famous novels.

2. 研究的基本内容与方案

This paper attempts to analyze the social atmosphere ranging from religion to social and cultural backgrounds in Henry James period, by analyzing the method of innuendo used in his novel Paste and scooping the implied meanings hidden in his implicit language. Firstly, the introduction part will introduce about the author Henry James and the main features of his works. In this part, the literary status of Henry James and some typical writing characteristics manifested in his representative works will be included. Secondly, the society’s attitudes during his era towards religion, social classes and ethics as well as morality will be analyzed one by one. In this part, through the elaborate textual analysis, the characters’ dialogues, allusions from classical works and the writer’s own narration part will be discussed in detail. Thirdly, it is the conclusion part. The whole paper will be summarized from several perspectives. Apart from the method of textual analysis as well as some common skills in literary studies like compare and contrast, since relative researches and studies of Henry James’ Paste are limited, the paper will consult bibliographies of the respective studies of this novel and even refer to some information from the Chinese translation versions of his works.

3. 研究计划与安排

before 20th january : settlement of the title

before22th march: submission of the outline

before 25th april : submission of the first draft

4. 参考文献（12篇以上）

[1] ali taghizadeh. studies in literature and language [m]. new york: w.w. norton amp; company, 2012,vol.5(3),pp.82-89

[2] alice hamilton, kenneth. the elements of henry james [j]. n.p.: william b. eerdmans, 2015: 21-22.

[3] henry james, the americans [m]. new york: w.w. norton amp; company press, 2013: 150-168.