摘 要

《在异乡》是欧内斯特·海明威早期的一部短篇小说。人们一般认为它是海明威最好的短篇小说之一，因为它完美地诠释了海明威的创作主题和写作风格。小说主要描写一战期间一批从前线撤退下来的伤残士兵在意大利米兰进行康复治疗发生的一系列事情。重复手法是通过对词语或句子的反复运用以达到强化作用的手法。在《在异乡》这部小说中，作者大量运用了重复的写作手法以强化主题思想的表达，值得我们深入探讨。本文分为四个部分，第一部分主要介绍作家作品以及国内外研究现状；第二部分分析小说中的重复现象，包括词语、短语、句子、叙事结构等的重复现象；第三部分重点探讨重复手法对小说的叙事节奏、环境烘托、人物塑造及主题表达的作用及影响，从而进一步探讨海明威的创作观，挖掘小说主题; 最后一部分是总结。

关键词：《在异乡》；重复手法；叙事节奏；主题

Abstract

In Another Country is one of Ernest Hemingway’s early short stories. It is generally regarded as one of his best short stories, which represents his theme and writing style to a great extent. The main idea of this novel is that some disabled soldiers who retreated from the front accepted rehabilitation therapy in Milan during World War I. Repetition is a device of repeating words, phrases, or sentences to emphasize something. The writer uses quite a few types of repetitions for strengthening the story’s thematic expression, which is worth discussing. This paper is divided into four parts: the first part introduces the writer and his works, including literature review; the second part focuses on the repetitions in In Another Country including the repetition of words, phrases, sentence structures, and the narrative structure; the third part studies the effects repetitions have brought about on the narrative rhythm, environment building, characterization and the theme, which will facilitate to further study Ernest Hemingway’s idea of creative writing and theme of the novel. The last part is the conclusion.

Key Words: In Another Country; repetition; narrative rhythm; theme

Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Author and His work 1

1.2 Literature Review 1

2 Repetition in In Another Country 3

2.1 The Concept of Repetition 3

2.2 Repetition in In Another Country 3

2.2.1 Repetition of words and phrases 3

2.2.2 Repetition of sentence structures 6

2.2.3 Repetition in narrative structure 7

3 Effects of Repetition 8

3.1 The Narrative Rhythm 8

3.2 Environmental Creation and Characters’ Shaping 8

3.3 The Making of Thematic Expression 9

4 Conclusion 11

References 12

Acknowledgements 13

On Repetition in Hemingway’s story In Another Country

1 Introduction

1.1 Author and His work

Ernest Hemingway is a well-known American novelist. His economical and understated style has a strong influence on the 20th-century fiction in American literature. Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, and was claimed as the spokesman for the “Lost Generation”. Many of Hemingway’s representative works are ranked among the classics of American literature and even world literature in the twentieth century.

As a productive writer, Hemingway published ten novels, ten short story collections, and five non-fiction works. Some novels, such as The Sun Also Rise (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), The Old Man and the Sea (1952) and so forth, won him great honor (彭娟, 2014). However, Hemingway’s short stories are not attached great importance to. While the truth is, during his productive writing career, Hemingway produced nearly 70 short stories, most of which, in terms of literary significance, enjoy an equal position and even exceed his novels and novellas (Shi Kang, 2012). However, more academic focuses have been primarily placed on Hemingway’s novels than on his short stories. In Another Country is one of his best short stories. The main idea of this novel is that some disabled soldiers who retreated from the front accepted rehabilitation therapy in Milan where they were discriminated by the locals during World War I. It examines the courage with which men face different kinds of tragedy and the sense of dislocation the war had caused.

1.2 Literature Review

So far, foreign scholars have studied Hemingway’s works thoroughly both in forms and contents, for example: iceberg theory, omission theory, the image of “tough guy”, the theme of “grace under pressure” and etc (付卉, 2014). Chinese scholars’ research concentrates on the themes like feminism and the tough guy spirit, and they also tend to analyse his works from the perspective of symbolism.

However, few scholars have touched upon the device of repetition applied by Hemingway in his works. Only one paper entitled Note on Repetition in Hemingway's Writing is available, and the paper generally talks about repetition applied in Hemingway’s works . Nevertheless, no paper has ever analyzed the repetition in In Another Country up to now.

This paper, focusing on the repetition in In Another Country, will provide a new perspective for readers to study Hemingway’s other works. By analysing how repetitions contribute to the narrative rhythm, characters’ shaping and the environmental creation, we can have a better understanding of the profound themes on In Another Country. And it is believed that such a study perhaps, to a certain extent, contributes to eliminating the obstructions in better understanding and appreciating Hemingway’s unique artistic feature and thematic expression.

2 Repetition in In Another Country

2.1 The Concept of Repetition

“Repetition is an instance of using a word, phrase, or clause more than once in a short passage--dwelling on a point” (Miller, 1985, p.3). Repetition can be classified into repetition in dialogue and repetition in writing according to the usage, repetition of the same word and repetition of synonyms according to the content, and immediate repetition and intermittent repetition according to the position (Straus, 1999).

Needless or unintentional repetition is a kind of clutter that may distract or bore a reader. However, used deliberately, repetition can be an effective rhetorical strategy for achieving emphasis. By and large, repetition serves the following purposes:to knit ideas together, to emphasize an idea, and to generate emotional force.