摘 要

孤独是文学界永恒的主题。不管承认与否，小说或现实中的每个人物都必须与孤独相处一生，唯一的区别是每个人都有多少孤独感。作为东方和西方有影响力的，权威的作家和哲学家，鲁迅和斯蒂芬·克莱恩都是在作品中反映环境对个人影响的大师。在《孤独者》、《红色英雄勋章》和《街头女郎玛吉》中，鲁迅和斯蒂芬·克莱恩笔下的“孤独者”是典型且令人印象深刻的，他们代表了各自时代的受苦人类。

本文共分为三个部分：绪论，正文和结论。绪论部分主要总结了鲁迅和斯蒂芬·克莱恩的经历及其作品的特点，介绍了这三本书的国内外研究背景，分析了论文的目的和意义。第二部分由三章组成，分析了“孤独者”的特征和悲剧的缘由，并结合作者的现实生活经验对其作品的影响。最后一部分是结论。通过先前的分析，本部分试图证明社会变革引起的差异对个人命运具有决定性作用。其次，说明个人在环境中非常渺小且无能为力。如果无法更改，则只能适应才能生存。个人必须努力与孤独相处甚至享受。

关键词：鲁迅；斯蒂芬·克莱恩；孤独者

Abstract

Loneliness is an eternal theme in the world of literature. Admit it or not, every figure in the fiction or reality has to deal with loneliness in lifetime. The only difference is how much loneliness each one has. Being influential and authentic writers and philosophers in the Eastand the West, Lu Xun and Stephen Crane both are masters in reflecting the influence of environment on individuals in their works. “The lonely” by Lu Xun and Stephen Crane in Gu Du Zhe, The Red Badge of Courage and Maggie: A Girl of the Streets are typical and impressive, which are representatives of suffering human beings of their own generations.

This paper is divided into three parts: the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The introduction mainly summarizes the experience of Lu Xun and Stephen Crane and the characteristics of their works. Besides, it also introduces domestic and oversea researching background on those three books. Moreover, this part analyzes the purpose and significance of the paper.In the second part, which is made up of three chapters, the paper analyzes the characteristics of “the lonely” and the causes combined with the influences that authors’ real life experience has on their works.The last part is the conclusion. Through the previous analysis, this part tries to demonstrate that the discrepancy caused by social changes are decisive for individual destiny. Besides, it also illustrates that individuals are very tiny and powerless in the environment. If it cannot be changed, one can only survive by adapting to it. Individuals must strive to get along with loneliness and even enjoy it.

Key words: Lu Xun; Stephen Crane; the lonely

Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Lu Xun and his works 1

1.2 Crane and his works 1

1.3 Literature review 2

1.3.1 Foreign research 2

1.3.2 Domestic research 2

2 Revenge of Wei Lianshu: hopeless 4

2.1 Sense of compromise 4

2.2 Pursuit for survival and last rebellion 5

3 Salvation of Henry Fleming: imperfect 7

3.1 Sense of persistence 8

3.2 Pursuit for self-saving and honor 9

4 Destruction of Maggie: relieved 11

4.1 Sense of self-abasement 11

4.2 Pursuit for desirable future and liberation 13

5 Conclusion 14

References 15

Acknowledgements 17

Comparisonof “The Lonely”by Stephen Crane and Lu Xun

1 Introduction

1.1 Lu Xun and his works

Lu Xun (September 25, 1881-October 19, 1936), one of the greatest Chinese writers ever, formerly known as Zhou Zhangshou, later renamed Zhou Shuren, once studied in Japan Sendai Medical College. Most of his works were finished from 1918 to 1936, his masterpiece, A Madman’s Diary, for instance, completed during that period, Lu Xun’s first short vernacular diary novel and the first modern vernacular Chinese novel. The novel reveals the essence of feudal ritualism as “killing people” through the image of the persecuted “madman” and the self-describing description of the “madman”, showing the author’s resistance to Chinese feudal culture with feudal ethics as its main connotation and the author’s profound confession consciousness. He is renowned in the world of literary circles, especially in the ideological and cultural fields of South Korea and Japan, known as “the writer who occupies the largest territory on the cultural map of East Asia in the twentieth century.”

1.2 Crane and his works

Stephen Crane, the American famous novelist and poet, is productive in his novels, prose and poetry. Most of his works were finished in the eight years from 1892 to 1900, his masterpiece, The Red Badge of Courage, for example, completed during that period. The Red Badge of Courage is a vivid psychological work about a young man's battle experience in the American Civil War. This work is based on Crane's popular description of war. The strong narrative and the power of naturalism made Crane an immediate success and led him to spend most of his life reporting on the war. On November 1st, 1871, Stephen Crane was born in the pastor family in Newark, New Jersey. Crane was a pioneer of American naturalism. His work provided "a sudden direction and fresh impetus" for the entire aesthetic movement in the 1990s. He is also a pioneer in poetry today. His early poetic language was concise, eloquent, without rhyme, breaking orthodox simplicity, and impressive imagination, which had a huge impact on modern poetry.

1.3 Literature review

1.3.1 Foreign research

It is said that western scholars started investigating Stephen Crane’s work in the early 20^th Century, and the oversea studies are mainly focused on several aspects. First, foreign biographical research on him initiated early. Thomas Beer published the first Stephen Crane biography in 1923, trying to re-understand his writing style and artistic accomplishment. Besides, Caleb Crain wrote The Red and The Scarlet in 2014, discussing about Crane’s life and career.

Second, some are on the aspect of culture and history. In 1983, critic Chester L. Wolford published The anger of Stephen Crane: fiction and the epic tradition, where he believed that Crane’s novels conveys silent anger in exposing the evils of industrial capitalism, while also criticizing those who blindly accept life failures. Huntsperger David wrote Populist Crane: A Reconsideration of Melodrama in "Maggie." in 2011. An essay is presented which argues that Stephen Crane's melodrama in his novel Maggie: A Girl of the Streets possesses subversive and revolutionary undercurrents that exceed mere false consciousness or ideological obfuscation.