论文总字数：34098字

摘 要

1. Introduction 1

1.1. Research background 1

1.2. Literature review 2

1.3. Need of the study 3

2. The Theory on Radical Feminism 4

2.1. Definition 4

2.2. Origin and development 4

2.3. Important topics in radicalfeminism 5

3. A Feministic Approach to Emma’s Character 7

3.1. Positive aspects in Emma’s character 7

3.1.1 Kind and helpful to others 7

3.1.2 Independent in marriage 8

3.1.3 Confident and persistent 8

3.2. Negative aspects in Emma’s character 9

3.2.1. A strong sense of superiority 11

3.2.2. A strong sense of dominance 11

4. What Affects Emma’s Character 13

4.1. Factors that affect positive aspects in Emma’s character 13

4.2. Factors that affect negative aspects in Emma’s character 14

5. Conclusion 16

References 17

Acknowledgments

After a period of hard work, I finally finished my graduation thesis. Here, I would like to thank the following people, without their support and help, I would not have completed my writing so smoothly.

First of all, I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor, Hu Aihua, for her wholehearted and responsible guidance. Over the past several months, she has communicated with me and explained what needed to be improved in my thesis.

In the second place, I would like to thank those teachers who teach our thesis writing and the English and American literature class. They have helped me lay a solid foundation in the writing format of my thesis and the analysis of literary content.

Third, I would like to thank my classmates for their help so that I can solve the problems in my study easily and spend my college life happily.

Finally, I would like to thank my family. Because of novel corona-virus, the graduation thesis of each student has to be completed at home this year. I thank my family for providing me with such a comfortable, convenient and quiet learning environment that I can finish my thesis writing punctually.

Abstract

Jane Austen is a famous British novelist, whose Emma marks the peak of her artistic achievements and teems with feministic consciousness. Radical feminism emphasizes women' s equal rights with men in the private field such as independence and freedom in family and sex. This paper analyzes positive and negative aspects of Emma's character from the perspective of radical feminism and relevant causes. The positive aspects in Emma's character are reflected in her showing kindness to people around her, pursuing independence in marriage and being confident in herself and persistent in the pursuit of political equality. By contrast, the negative aspects in Emma's character are that she maintains a strong sense of class superiority and likes to dominate other people's lives. The positive aspects of Emma's character are influenced by Miss Taylor, Emma’s father, and the social factor while the negative aspects are affected by Miss Harriet, Emma’s doting father and Emma’s social status. In terms of research significance, firstly, Emma's yearning for freedom and independence in marriage can motivate modern women to maintain a career that contributes to displaying their talents fully instead of doing housework all day long. Second, Emma’s insistence on political equality can inspire modern women to pursue political rights. Thirdly, in terms of shaping character, each of us can learn something valuable from Emma’s positive character while avoiding the negative character.

Keywords: Emma, radical feminism, Emma’s character, cause

中文摘要

简·奥斯汀是英国著名小说家。《爱玛》标志着其艺术成就的巅峰，作品充满了女性主义意识描述，强调了女性在家庭以及两性等私人领域享有与男性平等的权利。本文从激进女性主义的角度分析了爱玛性格中的积极和消极方面及相关成因。爱玛的积极性格特征体现在她善待身边人，执着追求婚姻独立和自由，积极争取政治平等。爱玛的消极性格特征包括她一直保持强烈的阶级优越感，且喜欢支配别人的生活。爱玛的积极性格特征受到泰勒小姐、其父伍德豪斯先生和社会因素的影响。爱玛的消极性格特征受到哈丽特小姐、其父伍德豪斯先生以及爱玛本身社会地位的影响。本研究的意义体现在如下三点：首先，爱玛追求婚姻自由和独立，这有利于敦促现代女性追求事业，充分发挥个人才能，而非整天囿于家务活动。其次，爱玛坚持政治平等，这有利于激励现代女性追求政治权利。第三，就性格塑造而言，我们每个人都可以从爱玛的积极性格特征中学习到有价值的东西，同时也要避免其性格中的消极方面。

关键词：《爱玛》；激进女权主义；爱玛的性格；原因

Introduction

Research background

Jane Austen is a famous British novelist who created a large number of valuable and excellent literary works for humankind (Copeland amp; Macmast, 2010), such as Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), and Emma (1815). Emma marks the peak of her artistic achievements, considered by many critics to be the best and successful work of hers. This novel, finally published by the author before her death, can be highly praised largely due to its in-depth and comprehensive expression of the author's aesthetic interest and creative attitude.

Austen was born in a middle-class parish’s family. When she was a child, she had never entered any formal school, but she received the primary and broad education from her father as well as through her own hard work, which laid a solid foundation for her later literature composition. Austen started to write for family amusement when she was about twelve years old, which shows that she was indeed a talented writer. Her writing style was realistic and critical. In the 18th and 19th centuries, women's status was very low, only relying on men through marriage. Under this condition, Austen challenged the authority of that society and began to write novels about female consciousness, Emma in particular (Khan, 2006). Just as the British literary critic Kettle (2003) once commented that Emma was the greatest and most representative work of Austen' s.

Feminism refers to a wide range of social theories and political movement, which is mainly based on women' s experience and motivation to end sexism, sexual exploitation, sexual discrimination and sexual oppression and promote the sexual class equality (Robbins, 2000). Feminism can be divided into four major schools: liberal feminism, radical feminism, social feminism and psychoanalytic feminism (Morris, 1993). Radical feminism belongs to the western modern feminism, which came into being from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s. At that time, the world experienced two world wars, the colonial system was disintegrated, and various new contradictions came into being in this turbulent period. As a representative of sexual politics, Shulamith Firestone (1989) holds that women' s dependent status lies in the physiological basis of the two different sexes. However, Monnique Wittig (1980), a French radical feminist, believes that gender differences are not naturally formed, but shaped by social culture. In 1970, both Germaine Greer’s The Female Eunuch and Kate Millett’ s Sexual Politics emphasize that sex is politics, and expresses criticism on men’ s rights. The field of sex and body is a field of great concern for radical feminists.

The thesis will analyze Emma's character and its causes within the framework of the radical feminist theory so that readers can have a deeper understanding of Emma’s character and behavioral traits.

Literature review

A large number of scholars have commented on the literary value of Emma in many aspects, such as Austen' s writing techniques and Emma's character. For instance, Yang (2011) contends that although she is not a perfect image, Emma's pursuit of freedom and equality in marriage and positive progress in life are precious in that era. Li amp; Liu (2014) study Austen' s ironic writing style from Emma's view of marriage. Both Huang (2015) and Dai (2016) consider from the perspective of narratology the ironic language in Emma based on character construction and plot development.

From the perspective of Feminism, Fulk (2003) analyzes the formation and content of feminism in Emma based on the historical background of Britain in the 19th century and the school education of sexism. From the background of the development of English literature, Harbus (2011) explores the germination of feminist consciousness in Emma and points out her independent and equal outlook on life. Zhuang (2012) suggests Emma is a typical feminist novel, which can most profoundly reflect Jane Austen' s feministic consciousness. The feminist point of view is reflected in Emma's consciousness of freedom and rebellion against the traditional female images. By studying the family status and social status of British women from 18th to 19th century, Cui amp; Zhang (2014) point out Jane Austen' s feminist thought on equal and independent marriage and love. What is more, Shao (2017) compares Emma with another traditional character who is willing to be arranged by patriarchal elders, thus highlighting her optimism and firmness and her courage to challenge the backward patriarchy. Shang (2019) discusses the gradual improvement and perfection of Emma’s feministic consciousness in different stages of growth.

Most of the previous studies on feminism in Emma are only about Emma's feminist consciousness, but there is little research that combines feminism with the characterization of Emma. Therefore, this research will explore Emma's positive and negative character from the perspective of radical feminism.

Need of the study

First of all, this thesis can provide a specific example for the study of Emma's character in Emma. In the second place, feminist consciousness is the awakening of the mind, and it is of equal significance to the equality and harmony of modern women' s life. The present study on Emma's firmness in love and pursuit of equality between men and women in marriage reflect her progressive feministic thought and can encourage modern women to insist on striving for their own happiness and mutual respect in marriage. At last, the analysis of Emma’s character from the perspective of radical feminism can expand the research perspective of Emma.

To sum up, through the study of Emma’s character in a feministic approach, it is hoped that readers can respect women and uphold the correct values of equality between men and women. In addition, the study will inspire scholars to explore literary and artistic values of Emma from more perspectives.

The Theory on Radical Feminism

Definition

Radical feminism emphasizes women' s equal rights with men in the private field such as independence and freedom in family and sex. The ideological model of radical feminism is mainly embodied in Kate Millet’s Sexual Politics (1970). Radical feminists are mostly young middle-class women with higher education, and they are strongly and distinctly opposed to the patriarchal society. These feminists think that the personal problems in family or economy are not individual reasons, but the embodiment of gender injustice in the whole society. Besides, radical feminism emphasizes the equality and freedom of men and women in marriage and sex.

Origin and development

From the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s, with the world experiencing two world wars and the colonial system collapsing, radical feminism originated in the 1960s.

The main theoretical foundation of radical feiminism is the theory of patriarchy, and Millet was the first one who introduced the concept in the second chapter of Sexual Politics (1970), which became the starting point of feminist theory's extensive use. Radical feminism demands the liberation of women in sex. Feminism in this period, especially the radical demand for sexual liberation, had a great impact on a number of feminist writers.

In the late 1970s, feminism began to change its view that the low level of women' s rights was essentially caused by the connection between rights and economy, and challenged traditional rights and political concepts. Sutter (1976) once said that this is a struggle of all women against all men, and every woman who participates in this campaign can benefit from it; this is a struggle of all women against all men, and each woman who participates in this campaign can benefit from it.

In the 1980s, a lot of post-modernism problems and new thoughts emerge; post-modern feminism also follows the historical trend to replace the radicalism of modern feminism. Butler (1980) advocated exploring the relationship between men and women with the constraints of philosophy and rules. As a result, radical feminism gradually disappeared after the 1980s.

Important topics in radical feminism

1). Sexual politics

Radical feminists believe that sexual politics refers to men' s oppression of women’ s social status, which is a kind of class oppression. Actually, the current social system is sexual class system. Women' s inequality in family and marriage is not only the unfair treatment of individuals, but also the gender discrimination of the whole society and politics (Beauvoir, 1949). In order to eliminate the personality difference, radical feminists argue it is of importance to solve the role division of men and women on the basis of physiology. Radical feminists have challenged traditional political forces, claiming that the power of patriarchy has transcended other formal forces of social operation, which has made the country a tool for patriarchy to oppress women. In addition, they advocate that starting from the family, the center of social structure, people should take the lead in liberating women.

2). Criticism of patriarchy

Radical feminists point out that the patriarchal system is the root of women' s oppression. Germaine Greer’s The Female Eunuch (1970) and Kate Millett’ s Sexual Politics (1970) clearly emphasize that sex is politics, and the patriarchy rationalizes the dominant relationship between men and women by exaggerating the physiological differences between them. In their works, the two representatives clearly elaborate the oppression and exploitation of women under the patriarchy, and strongly advocate the overthrow of this unequal gender system (Johnson, 1988). For example, some famous writers spread the consciousness of equality between men and women through writing literary works.

3). Gender role

The gender role advocated by radical feminists refers to the equal division of labor between men and women in physiology and society, and there is no phenomenon that men oppress women (Tarrant, 2006). Men earn money to support their families in the society while women do housework at home and take care of the elderly and children. There is a neutral and harmonious relationship between men and women. The spread of this progressive thought on the gender role makes women at that time realize the importance of family in social status.

A Feministic Approach to Emma’s Character

Jane Austen' s Emma embodies some feministic thought in the characterization of the titular heroine. This chapter will study the positive and negative aspects of Emma's personality.

Positive aspects in Emma’s character

There are a great many positive aspects in Emma's character. On one hand, she shows her kindness to the people around her and independence in marriage. On the other, Emma is confident in herself and persistent in the pursuit of political equality.

3.1.1 Kind and helpful to others

Emma shows kindness and helpfulness to those people around her in daily life. Feminism advocates that in addition to striving for equal rights, women should help each other to achieve happiness (Robbins, 2000), and radical feminism emphasizes women should not only fight for freedom between men and women but also show respect for and friendliness with other women (Millet, 1970).

Firstly, Emma is very kind to Miss Bates. Emma comes from the middle class and lives an affluent life. However, Miss Bates is a poor woman in the village of Highbury. Despite the great difference in their social states, Emma often gives some food to her and invites her family to the party. Second, Emma’s kindness is obvious in dealing with Jane Fairfax who is quite cautious and introverted. Whenever visiting Jane, Emma always communicates with her in a euphemism and patient manner, trying to maintain her fragile self-esteem. Thirdly, Emma enthusiastically helps Miss Harriet, an ordinary girl of low social status, read, write, and learn how to dress and behave gracefully. When Miss Harriet catches a chill, she is also the first one to visit her and brings her good and expensive medicine, which helps Miss Harriet recover quickly.

3.1.2 Independent in marriage

Emma's independent character can be reflected in her pursuit of freedom and equality in marriage. According to Germaine Greer (1970) and Kate Millett (1970), women should pursue love and happiness rather than accept the arranged marriage or be bound by the family chores. In other words, they should maintain independence in marriage.

On one hand, Emma pursues freedom in marriage and insists that she would rather not get married if her would-be partner can not respect her choice in private life. Before marriage, Emma often reads and writes with her friend Miss Harriet to improve her knowledge and enrich her spiritual world. Moreover, she often goes with

Her friends to attend various interesting parties. After accepting Mr. Knightley's proposal, she also makes it clear to him that she still needs to keep this free social life. In addition, to hanging out with friends on a daily basis, Emma hopes to spend spare time with her aged father in her hometown, instead of being distracted too much by too much housework.

On the other, Emma tries to maintain her independent consciousness of equality in marriage. Just as Tarrant (2006) claims, radical feminists advocate equal division of labor in physiology and society, and women shouldn’t be oppressed by men in the family and social affairs. Emma does not allow herself to be completely preoccupied with housework; instead, her husband-to-be Mr. Knightley should also do some cooking and cleaning. Second, she insists on enjoying an independent life to the extent of attending celebratory parties at local schools to her heart’s content. Last but not least, she wants to be economically independent by selling flowers despite the fact that Mr. Knightley is rich enough to support her.

3.1.3 Confident and persistent

On one hand, Emma's confidence is obviously reflected in her confidence in getting along with others. Morris (1993) advocates that feminists are mostly progressive women with a certain educational background; when they are attacked by others, they will deal with things calmly and tactfully. Emma does not vehemently argue with Elton's wife but confidently smiles away when this haughty rich lady shows off her family fortunes and mock her as a shortsighted country girl. Furthermore, Emma is confident enough to perform an amazing dance with Frank at a later ball, which counterattacks this pretentious woman and makes her feel humiliated and ashamed.

On the other, Emma is persistent in the pursuit of political equality. Beauvoir (1949) points out that sexual politics refers to men' s discrimination of women' s political status, which means that women do not have any political rights but can only be attached to the political identity of men. Under such circumstances, women are forced to fulfil the duties of getting married and doing housework in the patriarchal society. However, Emma is unwilling to submit to this boring, undemanding life. Under the education of the knowledgeable and gentle Miss Taylor, Emma receives abundant political knowledge and is fully aware that everyone is an equal and independent individual in political life, and gender discrimination should not be the reason for the inequality of political rights. Furthermore, she pays as much attention to the changes of political affairs. For instance, participants of national political conferences should become equal. On the basis of these political concerns, Emma insists on maintaining her political rights that women should have the same right of knowing and participating in state affairs as men.

In conclusion, Emma’s positive character is reflected in three aspects: she is kind and helpful to people from the low social status; she pursues freedom and equality in marriage; she shows confidence in getting along with others and pursues political equality persistently.

Negative aspects in Emma’s character.

Everything can have two sides and there is no exception to Emma’s character. When she displays her positive character such as kindness and helpfulness, she maintains a strong sense of class superiority and likes to interfere and dominate other people's lives very much

A strong sense of superiority

Radical feminism originates at the beginning of the 20^th century to the 1960s, a period of time when feudalism was characteristic of most western countries. The hierarchical order between the lower-class peasantry and the middle-class gentry is so deep-rooted that the rich look down upon and even ignore farmers. In the same rein, Emma, with preliminary feminist ideas and social identity as a member of the landed class, hold a deep-rooted hierarchical view, that is, she has a strong sense of superiority over the lower-class people.

One obvious evidence is that Emma laughs at the long-winded Miss Bates impolitely in the course of a daily conversation at a party out. Miss Bates comes from the lower class and always talks about some trifles, which annoys and disgusts Emma. At a party out, Miss Bates talks about her niece, Jane’ s childhood at length. The others listened patiently, but Emma directly tells her to be quiet, whose impolite and stupid behaviour embarrasses those who are present and who severely criticize her for her impoliteness in communicating with a friend.

She also shows a contemptuous attitude towards Martin, an unknown farmer of the lower status. When Emma and Miss Harriet meets Martin on the road for the first time, she does not say a word to him. After Martin leaves, she arrogantly criticizes Miss Harriet for her keeping company with Martin. What’s worse, Emma even claims that Martin's proposal letter can not have been written by him, so she persuades Miss Harriet to reject his proposal. She despises Martin, believing he does not receive education so he lacks knowledge of literature and is a vulgar country man.

A strong sense of dominance

Emma's strong desire to manipulate others is mainly manifested in her preference for matchmaking for others on an irrational basis. In the aspect of marriage, radical feminism opposes the involuntary marriage. In the patriarchal society and advocates that women choose their own marriage partners, that is, pursue martial happiness on their own will.

At first, Emma arbitrarily wants Miss Harriet to marry a young gentleman Mr. Elton and she often urges Miss Harriet to learn to paint with him so that they can develop a love relationship gradually. Furthermore, Emma deliberately persuades Miss Harriet to reject Martin's letter of proposal because of his low status. Emma misleads Miss Harriet by saying that such a cultured letter can not have been written by a vulgar peasant. Last but not least, Emma is obsessed with matchmaking between Miss Harriet and Frank, an excellent and handsome young man. She takes Miss Harriet to Frank's party, where she actively tries to let him teach Miss Harriet how to dance so that they can have intimate physical contacts and then enhance the relationship of love.

To sum up, Emma's negative personality is mainly reflected in her superiority over people with low status and strong desire to control people around her.

What Affects Emma’s Character

Emma's positive and negative character is largely influenced by individual, family and social factors.

Factors that affect positive aspects in Emma’s character

In terms of the personal factor, Miss Taylor, Emma’s governess, has accompanied Emma from childhood to adulthood and her view on marriage has exerted a great influence on Emma's pursuit of a free and independent marriage. For instance, Miss Taylor holds that she should marry the man she loves and their marriage should be based on equality and freedom. This is why she does not marry Mr. Weston Churchill until she is thirty. After marriage, she does not devote too much attention to household chores.Instead, she writes calligraphy, attends dancing parties and goes travelling for fun. Such views and behaviors have imperceptibly influenced Emma and helped her cultivate an advanced view on marriage. To her, she has the freedom to pursue her personal preferences in marriage. She will never be shackled by the duties the man-centred society has prescribed for her.

As regards the family factor, the warm and rich family environment Emma grows up promotes her to be kind to and help other people around her. On the one hand, Mr. Woodhouse, Emma's father, is a very gentle and kind man. After his wife's death, he has brought up Emma and her older sister on his own. He gives his little daughter Emma meticulous care. For instance, he provides for Emma all kinds of things she wants, the biggest room, beautiful clothes, etc. On the other, as Emma's family is the richest in Highbury, Mr. Woodhouse often gives the locan orphans shelters, snacks and fruit. All of these warm behaviors exert great influence on Emma and develop her into a kind and helpful girl. She likes to take care of and help others whenever it is possible.

In terms of the social factor, the development of British commodity economy and the rise of capitalist economy make Emma aware that women should obtain political equality just like men. The discovery of the new sea routes boosts development of overseas trade and pillage; the enclosure movement contributes the flourish of bourgeoisie, both of which contributes to the rapid development of the capitalism. Driven by this free commodity economic model, people's minds are gradually opening up. It is in this social background of capitalist development with the material guarantee of a free and open capitalist economy, some educated women begin to seek free social identity and independent social status, especially political equality. Women begin to have a sense of opposition against political discrimination against women. Furthermore, some girls from wealthy families go to local girls' schools, where they are taught by those teachers to fight for independence and equality. This teaching atmosphere encourages a number of intellectual women to care about their social status as women. There is no exception to Emma who pursues political equality eagerly, hoping that she can enjoy the same right of knowing and participating in state affairs as men.

In conclusion, Emma’ s positive character gets tremendous influence from the gentle and independent Miss Taylor (the personal factor), warm-hearted and wealthy father (the family factor), and the development of British commodity economy and the rise of capitalist economy of Europe (the social factor).

Factors that affect negative aspects in Emma’s character

As regards the personal factor, what Miss Harriet does further strengthens Emma's sense of controlling other people's lives. After Miss Harriet gets married and lives far away, Miss Harriet, a non-independent and vulnerable girl, becomes Emma’s best friend. Firstly, when she wants to accept the handsome young Mr. Elton’s passion for her, Miss Harriet is too humble to make sure whether she can deserve his love. Therefore, she does not have the courage to take the initiative to respond to Mr. Elton's act of further intimacy which, however, stimulates Emma’s strong sense of dominance. She then arranges a date for them to exchange paintings directly. Secondly, when receiving Martin's letter of proposal, the cowardly and impressionable Harriet does not know whether to accept it or not. So she constantly expresses her entanglement and hesitation to Emma, which stimulates Emma to make another important decision for her again. She can not wait to help Miss Harriet turn down Martin's proposal. It is therefore concluded that Miss Harriet's humbleness and cowardice cultivate Emma's strong sense of dominance over others’ lives, especially in matchmaking.

Every coin has two sides. Although his warm love sets a good example of kindness and helpfulness for Emma, Mr. Woodhouse' s overindulgence makes her desire to dominate and control others' affairs, especially matchmaking, which is the the family factor. Emma is Mr. Woodhouse' s youngest daughter and a beloved one. After his elder daughter gets married and lives a long distance away and his wife dies of illness, he is willing to give her unconditional support for everything she wants to do. On one hand, he has never interfered in Emma's willful matchmaking between Miss Harriet and Mr. Elton. By contrast, he is very supportive any of her behaviors because he wants to make her to be happy all the time. As a matter of fact, he knows that Emma’s matchmaking is bound to fail because the snobbish Elton can never hold up to the lowly Miss Harriet. On the other, he continues to support her in her matchmaking determinedly though he later learns that Emma make a wrong judgment concerning persuading Miss Harriet to reject Martin's proposal.

In terms of the social factor, the influence of traditional concepts of hierarchy is tremendous in the early 19^th-century Britain. Fully aware of her privileged social status and class attributes as a member of the landed gentry, Emma cultivates a strong and deep-rooted sense of hierarchy concerning people’s position in the society. Emma is firmly aware that the squires she can be categorized into are the landed gentry and members of the middle class. She leads a flattering and respectable social life, considered superior by the lower-class people, such as Miss Bates and the tenant Martin. Therefore, bearing a clear class identity in mind and harboring a deep-rooted idea of hierarchy, Emma has a strong sense of superiority over others.

To sum up, Emma’ s negative character is mainly affected by three factors, the personal influence from the humble and cowardly Miss Harriet, the family influence from her doting father, and the social influence from Emma’s status.

Conclusion

This paper mainly analyzes Emma's positive and negative character from the perspective of radical feminism and the relevant causes of such character.

The positive aspects in Emma's character are reflected in three aspects: she shows kindness to people around her; she pursues independence in marriage; she is confident in herself and persistent in the pursuit of political equality. On the contrary, the negative aspects in Emma's character are that she maintains a strong inner sense of class superiority and likes to dominate other people's lives. Emma’s positive character is influenced by Miss Taylor who is gentle and independent, Emma’s father who is warm-hearted and wealthy, and the social factor regarding the development of British commodity economy and the rise of capitalist economy of Europe. Emma’s negative character is mainly affected by humble and cowardly Miss Harriet, her doting father, Mr. Woodhouse and Emma's privileged social status as a member of the landed gentry.

The significance of this paper is three-fold. Firstly, Emma's yearning for freedom and independence in marriage can motivate the modern women to maintain a career that contributes to displaying their talents to the full instead of doing housework all day long. Secondly, Emma’s insistence on political equality can inspire modern women to pursue political rights. Thirdly, in terms of shaping character, each of us can learn something valuable from Emma’s positive character while avoiding the negative aspects in her character.

References

Austen, J. (1981). Emma. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Beauvoir, S. (1949). The second sex. England: Penguin.

Copeland, E., amp; Macmast, J. (2010). The Cambridge companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Greer, G. (1970). The female Eunuch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Firestone, S. (1970). The dialectic of sex. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fulk, M. (2003). Feminist and queer values in the southern Christian classroom: The case of Jane Austen’ s Emma, Feminist teacher, 10, 50-52.

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