论文总字数：33860字

摘 要

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Research backgrounds 1

1.2 Research purpose 1

1.3 Structure of the thesis 2

2. Literature review 4

2.1 Overview of Naturalism 4

2.2 Previous studies at home and abroad 5

3. Comparative Study of Animal Images from the Perspective of Naturalism 7

3.1 Buck's image in The Call of the Wild 7

3.2 Wolf images in Wolf Totem 8

3.3 Analysis of animal images between the two novels 9

3.3.1 Similarity of animal images and its causes 9

3.3.2 Differences and causes of animal images 10

4. Conclusion 13

References 14

Acknowledgments

In such a special and memorable winter vacation, my graduation thesis is about to be completed, and the mood is quite complicated. The beginning of the gratitude means that college life is coming to an end and I am about to enter the society. The two years are neither long nor short, enough for me to walk through every corner of the campus and feel every detail and tenderness of the teachers in the foreign college. Here, I want to extend thanks for those who provided me with careful help and encourage.

First of all, I would like to sincerely thank my tutor Professor Chen Haitao for providing me with continuous guidance from document review, topic selection and topic determination, to revision and finalization. His outstanding professional knowledge, rigorous academic attitude and easy-going personality charm had a profound impact on me.

Secondly, I want to thank my parents and friends. When I was at home, they comforted me, enlightened me, and accompanied me whenever I was in a low mood. Their unwavering concern and strong support for life made a great contribution to the successful completion of this paper. I like to communicate with them. What I gain is not just the answers to the questions, but also the way to think about the questions and a positive attitude.

Then I want to thank the great motherland and the heroes who fought against the epidemic in their respective posts. Without your contribution, there will be no ordinary life for us. Thanks to CNKI for freely opening the database for us to check the relevant information of the paper.

Finally, I wish my motherland thriving and prosperous, and Nanjing Tech University would be better. Thank you for meeting everyone, and wish you all the best.

Abstract

Chinese writer Jiang Rung's novel Wolf Totem is a fantasy study of the prairie wolf. Based on the Cultural Revolution, it describes the people and wolves in the real natural environment of Mongolian grasslands from the perspective of the educated youth Chen Zhen. The process from harmonious coexistence to inability to coexist expresses the core idea of naturalism: Let real people live in a real environment. American writer Jack London's adventurous novel The Call of the Wild takes the social gold rush as the background and describes the real image of the big dog Buck from the civilization of human society to the life of primitive wolves. Although the authors of these two books belong to different nations, ethnic groups and ages, their works share the same goal: expressing human's yearning for pure nature and the desire to return to nature.

Taking naturalism as the theoretical perspective, this article studies the laws of nature to explain the theoretical principles of man and nature, and compares and analyzes the similarities and differences of animal images and their causes in the two works. The conclusions are drawn by comparing the subjective consciousness, the resilience of animals and the similarity of the natural rule-- survival of the fittest, and the differences in beliefs, ideologies, and customs reflected in the two works-- Man is the key point to the harmonious coexistence of all things in nature. The two works reveal the selfishness and cruelty of human beings and their irreversible damage to nature through the conflict of interest between humans and animals. This article aims to warn that human beings must follow the laws of nature and seek development in the right way.

Key words: Wolf totem; The call of the wild; Animal image; Naturalism.

中文摘要

中国作家姜戎的小说《狼图腾》是对草原狼的幻想研究。在文化大革命的背景下，从受过教育的青年陈阵的视角，描述了内蒙古草原真实自然环境中的人与狼。从人与狼彼此间和谐共处到无法共存的过程表达了自然主义的核心思想——让真实的人生活在真实的环境中。美国作家杰克·伦敦（Jack London）的冒险小说《野性的呼唤》以淘金热为社会时代背景，描述了从人类社会的文明到原始社会的暴虐中一条大狗（巴克）的真实生存形象。尽管这两本书的作者属于不同的国家、种族和年代，但他们的作品有着相同的目标——表达了人类对纯自然的向往和对回归自然的渴望。

本文以自然主义为理论视角，用自然规律解释人与自然的理论原则，对两部作品中动物意象的异同点及其成因进行了比较和分析。通过比较两部作品中主体意识、动物的抗争精神及“适者生存”自然法则的相似性和两部作品所反映出的信仰、思想观念、风俗习惯的差异性得出结论——人是自然界万物和谐共存的关键所在。两部作品通过人与动物之间的利害冲突揭示了人类在真实状态下的自私与残酷及其对自然所造成的不可逆转的破坏。本文旨在警示人类必须要遵循自然规律，以正确的方式谋求发展。

关键词：《狼图腾》；《野性的呼唤》；自然主义；动物意象

1. Introduction

1.1 Research backgrounds

Naturalism refers to the philosophical concept of explaining all phenomena with natural causes or natural laws. It is a trend in literary and artistic creation. Naturalism aims to emphasize the mission of literature in a scientific manner. This is also a concrete way to achieve the sense of scholarly mission that has been emphasized by naturalism. Naturalism pursues objective facts, respects nature, and seeks to explain human beings and human society with biological laws. Throughout the historical development process, the emergence of naturalism is closely related to the progress of science and technology. In today’s highly developed science and technology, mankind has entered the era of new civilization, but ecological problems have emerged endlessly: global warming has caused sea levels to rise, frequent killing activities have caused species to become extinct, and white pollution and marine debris have caused ecosystem imbalances. Studying the application of naturalism in literary works has guiding significance for humans to view issues such as ecological balance, biological equality, respect and compliance with natural laws. The use of Darwin's biological evolution in literary creation is the most important feature of naturalist literature, which was used by Jack London in a brilliant way. The Call of the Wild is a masterpiece guided by naturalistic theory, so does Wolf Totem.

1.2 Research purpose

The topic of harmonious coexistence between man and nature has remained unchanged since ancient times. In Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching, “Tao produce one, one produce two, two produce three, and three produce all things.” Here Tao means “yin and yang”, which refers to nature. The concept of “heaven and man unite” is even more recognized by the emperors of all ages, and it has a cultural heritage of thousands of years. However, as conflicts become more apparent today, the question of how we can alleviate the contradiction between human development and nature protection is intriguing. This article is based on naturalistic theory, and the exploration of animal images is the starting point. Naturalism theory uses natural laws to analyze problems, and the two works faithfully reflect the operation of natural laws, showing that people who respect the rules tend to come to the end, and then call for harmony between man and nature. The creation of literary works is inspired by life, and there is no lack of insinuation and reflection on social phenomena. Animal image analysis is a deepening treatment of animal images in literary works. The Call of the Wild is a work narrated by the dog as the main character and Wolf Totem is also a work narrated around the growth process of a little wolf. A comparative analysis of two domestic and foreign literary works on the theme of animals can directly show people's different attitudes towards the approach of animals returning to nature, and cultural differences in the description of animal images. In addition, the differences in theme setting and sublimation techniques give us a sense of cultural diversity. The paper deeply reflects the issues that we face today, prompting people to think the relationship between man and nature, and enlightening people to make proper choices.

1.3 Structure of the thesis

The thesis contains four parts: Introduction, Chapter Two, Chapter Three and Conclusion.

The introduction introduces the research background and purpose. This part includes the concept of naturalism and its application in history as well as some of the environmental problems we are facing today, and its embodiment in two novels.

The second chapter is a literature review, including the development of naturalism and some researches on these two novels at home and abroad. This part also points out the deficiencies of my thesis and the inadequacy that needs to improve.

The third chapter is a comparative study of the animal images of these two novels from the perspective of naturalism, including the image analysis of dogs and wolves and the difference in description methods. In addition, there are differences in animal images and their causes.

The conclusion part points out the significance of the study, the best relationship between man and nature, and the right way for mankind to seek development.

2. Literature review

2.1 Overview of Naturalism

Naturalism, a literary trend of thought that sprouted in France in the mid-19th century, was first proposed by French writer Emile Zola, who established the basic principles of naturalism, and was later introduced by Frank Norris United States. The two forms of nature mentioned by naturalism refer not only to external nature, but also to internal nature. The core concepts of naturalism are “nature” and “sense of the real”, the latter being advertised by Zola as the highest principle of modern novelists and the highest character of modern novels. As a new trend of literary thought, naturalism and romanticism are directly connected in the development chain of western literature.

Literary naturalism is to return to nature, return to life, and return to man themselves. Only in this way will there be real characters and relative things in line with the logic of everyday life, not just abstract characters and absolute things. While the “sense of the real” is the highest standard of naturalist literature, naturalism also defines the writer's “personality expression” as the second criterion of literature. For any individual, life is its own existence, so the life experience emphasized by the naturalist writer is first manifested as the life experience of the individual. “Experience” can only come from real life, so the “personal expression” advocated by naturalism is firmly based on "sense of the real". This view coincides with American realism, and American naturalistic thoughts came into being. The rise of American naturalism in the late 19th century is a more significant literary genre in the history of American literature.

Jack London is an outstanding representative. In his novel The Call of the Wild, these principles are compared with American realism Combined. In this novel, the author has created a main image-Buck, and we can see the “stick rule” representing humanity and the “Hound’s law” representing natural law from his experience. Hero Buck is actually a symbol of man, and his life experience shows that his life depends entirely on the external environment and the inner inheritance. From the perspective of naturalism, the author analyzes how the environment and heredity describe the characters through the laws of nature, that is the “law of the jungle” and “survival of the fittest”, to express the symbolic meaning of the environment and characters.

The theoretical basis of Chinese realism is naturalism, and realism is an understanding of reality, with sufficient awareness and value judgment. Naturalism is a reflection of human nature and the courage to look at ourselves. When we explore the bottom line of nature, we are actually exploring ourselves. Jiang Rung’s Wolf Totem reflects by self-examination. What kind of human existence is in nature, are higher organisms above all else, or like other species, just a drop in the ocean of the universe? Since advocating for biological equality and diversity, why maintain a balance of the ecosystem only at the expense of other species? This identification and contradiction appeared in Wolf Totem, in which the manifestation of naturalism is more obscure. Compared with the animal-based narrative in The Call of the Wild, images in Wolf Totem appear more diversified, such as the conflict of man-to-man, man-to-animal and animal-to-animal.

2.2 Previous studies at home and abroad

With the development and growth of naturalism in the field of literature, scholars at home and abroad have also tried to use naturalistic theory to analyze the two works describing the life course of animals.

Wang Shudong (2009) pointed out in his article on the ecological consciousness of Wolf Totem. Wolf Totem is a rare ecological novel in contemporary Chinese literature. It is a fresh ecological textbook for grasslands in Inner Mongolia and also a study of the ecological environment of the grasslands in China since the founding of the People's Republic of China. The true portrayal of the systemic destruction is a wake-up call for the world’s ecological worries, and it is also an ingenious work that examines the national spirit and history from an ecological perspective.” Zhang Jiasheng (2013) considered that The Call of the Wild was analyzed from the perspective of environmental ethics, which aroused the attention and comments of readers. He also said “The Chinese novel Wolf Totem is not only known for its unique description of human-wolf interaction on the grasslands of Inner Mongolia, but also a well-known masterpiece of ecological criticism.” Through comparative research, he strives to seek environmental ethics in both novels, and found moral ethics in the development of the relationship between man and man, man and animal, man and nature. Chen Shigen (2017) “He wrote a story of a simple wolf. If the center of the wolf is removed, there will be no story between people. The author's intention is clear. The wolf image reflects the ecological spirit. Stimulate readers' ecological consciousness with their own strong ecological consciousness.” Yang Liu (2019) noted that in The Call of the Wild, there is no lack of behaviors in which people often enslave animals. People always use the conquest of nature as a symbol of success, breaking the ecological balance of nature. At the same time, it criticized egoism and called on people to respect nature. In addition to environmental ethics and ecological criticism of these two novels, naturalism has also become more and more popular with scholars in recent years.

Li Yanye (2014) talked about naturalism in The Call of the Wild from the opinion of Darwin's theory of evolution, and then reflected and reconstructed naturalism, showing the difficulty of the protagonist's survival under the laws of naturalism. Zhou Jin (2010) noted that in the protagonist of The Call of the Wild, we saw Jack London's recognition and acceptance of naturalistic genetic determinism and environmental determinism. The two forces of environment and genetics determine that Buck will awaken, gradually Germinate the nature of the beast, swim in the wilderness, and integration with nature. Lin Guimei (2013) pointed out that the protagonist Buck breaks the shackles and makes the choice in the struggle for destiny. It is life that can survive and immortal, so as to find the destination of life and make people realize that human beings should return to nature.

In addition, domestic and overseas scholars are quite interested in the animal images in the two works. Wang Xiaoyi (2014) conducted a comparative study of the animal images in the two works and found that the image of the wolf in Wolf Totem is not as cunning and dark as before, but full of wisdom, while the dog in The Call of the Wild became selfish and no longer united. The relationship between wolves and between dogs is very dissimilar, reflecting the differences between Chinese and Western cultures, which is harmony and competition. It also calls for people to respect nature and care for animals. Sun Yuedi (2015) noted that the images of men and wolves in the Wolf Totem respectively symbolize human and nature's revenge on humans. In the process of coexisting with nature, although human beings have been retaliated by nature for asking for inexhaustibleness, it is not too late as long as human beings are aware of the problem and can make up for it.

This article takes naturalism as a theoretical perspective to analyze and compare the differences in animal images in the two works, which is not mentioned in the foregoing theoretical research. Therefore, the research on the causes of cultural differences extended by animal images is relatively shallow, but I believe that this is the part that is worth digging into. Most of the aforementioned researches are to explore people's inner world. This article aims at exploring the performance aspects and influencing factors of external cultural differences. If Wolf Totem and The Call of the Wild are individualized explorations, then naturalistic theory and animal imagery research are common applications. Therefore, the exploration of animal images in two classic works at home and abroad under the guidance of naturalism theory has theoretical basis and practical significance.

3. Comparative Study of Animal Images from the Perspective of Naturalism

3.1 Buck's image in The Call of the Wild

The Call of the Wild is mainly about Buck's transformation from a domestic dog into a leader of wolves in the western wilderness following various encounters and difficulties following the wave of the gold rush. From the macro process of transformation, we can conclude that Buck is a symbol of a person who has a strong ability to be adapted to life. This runs through Jack London's work.

First, Buck's muscular body made it possible to survive in the wilderness. At the beginning of the story, the author told us that gold prospectors need dogs to assist them to fulfill their dreams of seeking wealth. These dogs need strong muscles to dig gold and thick fur to resist the severe cold. When first arrived in the Northland, it witnessed the wasteland shrouded in brutality and cruelty. In the days that followed, Buck had to learn how to be competitive with other peers for food, heavy work and a harsh living environment to make it stronger and tougher.

Second, Buck is the perfect unity of external strength and internal spirit. Buck is an extraordinary dog in nature. Regardless of the fact that living a carefree life in an affluent home, it doesn't pamper itself like other pet dogs. It can understand their way of life, and looks down on them, even completely ignores their existence.

In addition, when Buck suffered doom, it did not give up struggling and resisting at all. On the contrary, these experiences inspired his fighting spirit. It uses its keen insight to observe companions, and draw lessons from being beaten on them, and find suitable ways to get along with companions. Be neither humble nor hyperactive, and wait for the time to come.

In summary, Buck is a combination of wisdom and courage. Human beings should have good psychological qualities and excellent physical qualities in the face of sudden doom.

3.2 Wolf images in Wolf Totem

The author of Wolf Totem Jiang Rung utilizes the vast Inner Mongolian steppe as the narrative background. By describing the protagonist's life in the local educated youth and direct contact with the wolf, while referring to a large number of historical books and theoretical works, he launched a study of the wolf and reflected on the character of Chinese people.

The story mainly tells the story of Chen Zhen, a knowledgeable young man, who was transferred to the grasslands of Inner Mongolia. This novel records his transformation of inner activities and thoughts from the initial fear of wolves to slowly becoming strongly curious about wolves, to his complete attraction to wolves and his determination to study the wolves. In the process, the symbolic meaning of the wolf's image gradually emerged.

In the faith of the nomads, the wolves’ wisdom and personality are given by "Mongke Tengri" (Mongolian god). The wolf is Tengger's beloved son. Obviously, their views are closely related to their admiration for tribal totems. Nevertheless, this largely reflects the nomadic worship of wolves. The reasons are as follows: First, like wolves, nomads live on horseback and are highly alert to the outside world. They must always keep their consciousness in order to resolve the crisis in time when danger comes. Second, as the wolves attacked suddenly, herders had to cooperate with each other to be successful. Third, herders learned from the wolf their loyalty to vow and faith. Animals live in groups need to unite and sacrifice the benefit of themselves. The desperate determination and indestructible loyalty of wolves are important reasons for their survival in a world of law of the jungle. Similarly, the prairie people have experienced the evolution and progress of civilization for many years, and their loyalty and belief in Tengger have not changed. From a historical perspective, countless emperors, leaders, and heroes of the nomadic people have contributed to the development of the Chinese nation. Their achievements are based on a wolf-like personality and spirit.

3.3 Analysis of animal images between two novels

The two novels are depictions of animals returning to nature, but due to different time and cultural backgrounds, there are many differences in the transmission of symbolic meaning.

3.3.1 Similarity of animal images and its causes

The common points of their symbolic meanings are as follows: First, two animal images are gathered at the same intersection. From The Call of the Wild, we know that Buck was originally a carefree dog, but as his living environment changed, his lifestyle changed, from a domestic dog to a leader who ruled the wolf pack. However, the image of the wolf in Wolf Totem has not changed from beginning to end. As we can see, the intersection of Buck and wolf in a symbolic sense is that they are both animalistic. Second, they symbolize the same spirit—the courage to get strong. Buck lives in a cold and remote ice field, and wolves live in poor and backward grasslands, but they have successfully adapted to the environment through their own efforts, and their struggle survival process gives their images a more profound meaning. Third, the two images reflect the common law of survival—survival of the fittest. Buck, who pampered himself, learned to dig pits in the extremely cold snow to avoid the cold, obtain food to survive by stealing, and use strength and treacherous to make himself the most powerful being and protect himself from being harmed. The surrounding environment has always forced Buck, and Buck is also trying to adapt himself to the environment and become a leader, against the severe survival challenges. There is another example-- the little wolf of Chen Zhen has not received any education from its kind and humans. When it had nowhere to hide, the little wolf began to find a way to survive. Finally, it came up with a way to protect itself by digging and hiding. Although no one has ever taught it, he used his instincts to quickly adapt to this living environment. "Natural selection, survival of the fittest" is the core idea of biological evolution and the theoretical requirement of naturalism. The creation of literary works should respect the laws of nature and science. Firstly, the inherent image of the wolf is wild, wise, and united. It has not been extinct or tamed for thousands of years, symbolizing that nature has survived wind and frost and has never changed. Secondly, the poor living environment cannot determine a person's development, and the bad animal living environment symbolizes that people are in a trough. At that time, the gold rush and taught youth going to the countryside were both opportunities and challenges. Only by respecting the rules and working hard to adapt can we have an opportunity to survive and develop. Finally, the conflict between humans and nature in different periods was demonstrated by the wit and bravery between human beings and animals. Human beings caused irreversible harm to animals and nature due to their selfishness and greed, and ultimately they were punished. The wolf knows the trade-offs and sacrifices itself when necessary. The spirit of selfless dedication is worth learning.

3.3.2 Differences and causes of animal images

The differences in its symbolic meaning can also be listed from the following three points. First, the symbolic meaning of animal images in the two works is different. Buck has a broader metaphorical meaning. From the reader's point of view, Buck symbolizes a firm and courageous person. Not only because of its strong physique and appearance, but also because of its humanized thinking and personalized behavior. For example, when the ferocious master wants to kill him, his heart is still fighting, but its cleverness is that it changes the way of resistance-- to use its minds instead of force. It pretends to submit to its master. Actually it is in opposition to him in private. In addition, Buck's efforts make himself a leader also reflects his aspirations and ambitions like humans. From Buck's personalized behavior in the natural and social environment, we can clearly see that Buck's image is embodied in a certain image carrier in real society. The wolf image in Wolf Totem can be regarded as a kind of spiritual symbol, with abstract meaning, which is the summary and sublimation of the author of the work. One cannot live without faith. Tengger is the belief of the Mongolian people. The reason why they can live in peace with nature is entirely because of Tengger. Therefore, they have enough love and actions to respect everything in the grassland. This is what Tengger gives them. Totem is the carrier that records the soul of God. Through the totem logo, it is recognized and protected by the totem. Passionate Mongolian people are in awe of nature because of their faith and totem. The wolf totem expresses the awe and respect of the Mongolian people for wolves. In the world of Tengger, wolves can live forever. The sacred and inviolable dignity of the wolf is the eternal mystical belief of the prairie people.

Second, the two animal images convey different ideologies. What Buck wants to convey is a kind of personal heroism. Buck's survival and competition is completely a process of personal adaptation to the environment, while the wolf wants to express the spirit of collectivism. As one of the large social animal groups, wolves' survival and competition are entirely based on the collective power of individuals seeking survival.

Thirdly, survival goals of the two animals are different. Buck's survival goal is not only be alive, but also a greater ideal-- to rule other creatures. As a domestic dog, he held the position of keeping other animals. As a member of the Gold Rush team, he strives to make himself a leading dog, and even eventually joins in the wolf group, he has always maintained the role of leader. In contrast, the survival goal of wolves is just to survive. They make life their first priority and do their best to adapt to the environment. The survival of wolves is fundamentally different from Buck's innate ambitions. The animal nature of the two animals greatly influenced their struggle for survival, and also reflected the distinct personalities and development trajectories of the two nations-- China and America.

The two authors lived in different countries, and the background of the works was different. What’s more, different national cultures made different ideas and spiritual sustenance.

First, form the perspective of ideologies and beliefs. During the Renaissance, humanists absorbed nourishment from classical Greek and Roman dramas and formed the idea of ​​opposing feudal theocracy and advocating human rights. In The Call of the Wild, the dog (Buck) is simulated as a thinking person. Buck's every move symbolizes the struggle between man and doom. This expression is in line with the adventurous spirit of Western nations who dares to break through and dare to innovate. The East is an ancient civilized country with a feudal history of over a thousand years, advocating the unity of man and nature. When the mind is imprisoned and becomes unfree, only the spirit that believes in the gods can be comforted. Orientals like conservative "moderate" ideology and promote harmony as the most valuable.

Second, form the perspective of customs. The United States is no longer a feudal society with a continuous history. It is an emerging progressive country transformed from a colony, so it does not have many traditional constraints or burdens of European countries. The beginning of this new culture helps to individualism. In contrast to China, the older the culture is, the more conservative it is, such as rules passed down from generation to generation, and religious rules. The more conservative the culture is, the more emphasis is placed on collectivism. Therefore, China, Islam, and Japan all give priority to collectivism and have a lot of blows to individualism. This difference account for the difference that the survival goal of Buck in The Call of the Wild is to become the leader of ruling wolf group, and the wolf in Wolf Totem is to survive.

4. Conclusion

Taking naturalism as the theoretical basis and starting from the comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of animal images, the differences in ideologies, customs, and beliefs between the two countries reflected in the behaviors of animals are discussed. Whether it is the individualist behavior in The Call of the Wild or the collectivist behavior in Wolf Totem, it explains the relationship between human beings, animals and nature and the causes of their conflicts. By comparing these two works, we can know that no country can avoid contradictions and conflicts with nature in the development process. Finally, the result of the two returning to nature has a warning meaning and warns people of the importance of living in harmony with nature.

In The Call of the Wild and Wolf Totem, the principle of survival is frequently interspersed between storylines as an important theme. Jack London and Jiang Rung revealed this principle of survival from different narrative perspectives, one is the perspective of a thoughtful animal, and the other is the perspective of human beings. Both writers expressed their views on the law of survival very well-- individuals must have tenacious vitality to adapt to social changes, and must have enough courage and wisdom. However, natural forces and social forces ultimately determine the fate of man, and no resistance can do anything. The only way to survive is to respect the laws of nature and adapt to social changes. Despite the fact that we live in different countries and time zones, we are still a community of fate. The outbreak of new coronary pneumonia in 2020 began with the wanton slaughter and sale of wild species by human beings. In addition to regulating by legal means, the only thing that can truly prevent such things from happening again is the high moral civilization of human beings. We ought to respect the uniqueness of species, embrace species diversity, and be in awe and grateful for nature. This paper would be meaningful if it can awaken people's awareness of species equality and self-salvation, and call on someone to abide by the natural order.

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