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摘 要

本文从存在主义的视角探讨艾伦·西利托的作品《周六晚与周日晨》中的主人公亚瑟·西顿的“反英雄”人物形象，主要从四个部分来探讨：第一部分是主人公亚瑟·西顿的追求本质之旅，他的追求本质暗合了萨特存在主义的第一要义“存在先于本质”；第二部分是用萨特存在主义的“世界是荒谬的，人生是痛苦的”来探讨亚瑟·西顿的荒谬人生；第三部分从萨特存在主义的“自由选择”分析主人公亚瑟·西顿的自由选择；第四部分运用萨特存在主义的“他人是地狱”分析主人公亚瑟·西顿地狱般的人际关系。“反英雄”人物的研究分析使得读者对小说当时的社会背景和人们的生存状态有所了解，同时也希望给当代人予以启示——人一定要有正确的人生目标和信仰。

关键词：艾伦·西利托；《周六晚与周日晨》；存在主义；反英雄

Contents

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Alan Sillitoe and His Works 1

1.2 Existentialism and Anti-hero 2

2. Literature Review 5

3. “Anti-hero” in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning 7

3.1 Arthur Seaton’s Pursuit of Essence 7

3.2 Arthur Seaton’s Absurd Life 8

3.3 Arthur Seaton’s Free Choice 10

3.4 Arthur Seaton’s Hellish Interpersonal Relationship 11

4. Conclusion 12

Works Cited 14

1. Introduction

1.1 Alan Sillitoe and His Works

Alan Sillitoe is a famous British writer, and he is one of the representatives of “angry young men” of the 1950s. His two most famous masterpieces are the novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and the short story The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. In his works, Alan Sillitoe depicts the blue-collar workers’ discontent and wrath towards the reality and the authorities. These two masterpieces were both adapted into films, and the films were very well received.  The novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning is his debut. It immediately caused a sensation upon publication and later it won that year’s British novelist debut award. With the success of this work, Sillitoe became the first post-war British writer who reflected everyday life and emotional and psychological changes in working-class.

Alan Sillitoe was born in 1928 in Nottingham, whose parents Christopher Sillitoe and Sabina were both workers. Just like Arthur Seaton, the anti-hero in his first novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, Alan’s father worked at the Raleigh Bicycle Company factory. His father was an illiterate and brutish man, and he was unsteady with his jobs; the family was often on the edge of starvation. When Sillitoe was 14, he left school after having failed at the entrance examination to grammar school and then worked at the Raleigh Bicycle company factory like his father for the next four years, spending his free time on reading and being a serial lover of local girls. After those four years, he then joined the Royal Air Force, although it was too late to serve in World War II. During the emergency, he served as a wireless operator in Malaya . Unfortunately, he was discovered to have tuberculosis and spent 16 months in a Royal Air Force hospital after returning to England.

At age of 21, he went to France and Spain and lived there for seven years in an attempt to recover. In 1955, while living in Mallorca with American poet Ruth Fainlight, whom he married in 1959, Sillitoe started to write Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, which was published in 1958. Influenced by the stripped-down prose of Ernest Hemingway, the book delivered the attitudes and living situation of a young factory worker faced with the unavoidable end of his vigorous and youthful philandering. As with John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger and John Braine’s Room at the Top, the real argument of Saturday Night and Sunday Morning was the disenchantment of postwar Britain, and the absence of occasions for the working-class. It was adapted into a film by Karel Reisz in 1960, with Albert Finney as Arthur Seaton; the screenplay was written by Sillitoe. Then he wrote tremendously for half a century: novels, short stories, poetry, and autobiography. The poems were infirm, and the stories that followed his two revolutionary works were inclined to tell, less well, the same legend of every man who was against the system.

21 -year-old young worker Arthur Seaton works for a bicycle factory in Nottingham, the central plateau in England. His daily life is full of tedious work and the noisy sound of the machine. As long as he can catch an opportunity, he is ready for making trouble and treating the foreman both in tough and soft ways. Furthermore, he has a set of roguish approaches for self-protection. He shows a great deal of dissatisfaction and resentment towards the social system, institutions, and even the workers’ organizations and the social welfare system because he has to regularly draw money from wages to pay for these agencies. However, he does not like his cousins who become soldiers and dare to openly fight against the national laws. Although deep in his heart, his determination to rebel is stronger than his cousins’. He does not accept the code of ethic and code of conduct which are imposed on him, acting only according to the principle of happiness. Therefore, he hooks with a married woman who is his colleague Jack’s wife, Brenda. And he still unsatisfied with just this lover. After her pregnancy which is caused by his carelessness, he seduces Brenda’s sister Winnie who is a soldier’s wife and finally he pays the price in blood. As time goes by, he slowly becomes mature and feels the happiness of being loyal to just one woman. And he begins to find some kind of balance between blind and reasonless revolt and the reality principle he faces. Consequently, he no longer indulges in the pleasure of alcohol and the pursuit of flirting with women, and finally goes to angling by the waterside; therefore, he feels the joy of pure love; and then, three months later, he marries Doreen, which suggests he has compromised to the society he always feels rancorous and disgusting.

1.2 Existentialism and Anti-hero

Existentialism is originated from the Latin “existenia”, which means existence, survival, real existence and spiritual existence. The existentialist philosophy began in the 1930s and has gained popularity after World War II. It considers fear, loneliness, disappointment, disgust and a sense of abandonment as basic human feelings and tries to put this psychological awareness of people on the opposite side against the social and individual existence. As the founder of existentialist philosophy and the master of the theory of existentialism, the French philosopher Sartre critically inherited and developed the philosophy of predecessors, and then formed his own set of philosophical ideology that is atheistic existentialism. The abbreviated form of the name is existentialism.

The main content of Sartre’s existentialist philosophy consists of four aspects. First is the idea that “existence precedes essence”. People determine their nature and characteristics through self-selection. Second is that “the world is absurd, and life is painful.” The whole world has no reason at all and life is a process full of painful struggle. Third is the “freedom of choice”. No matter what kind of life it is, they are the results of the trajectory of individual freedom of choice. Fourth is that “hell is other people”. There are full of conflicts and contradictions among people. Existentialism advocates putting personal life, liberty, existence into the first place in order to show the negative attitude towards the ugly realities of capitalism, and to treat it as the eternal absurdity existing in the world. It advocates a living philosophy of nothingness and explains that man is alive without a purpose and all human activities are in vain. Existentialism reflects both the resentment and disgust towards the ugly reality of capitalism, and also promotes the subjective idealism and individualism which regard oneself as center, as well as beautify pessimistic philosophy of life in the name of “freedom”.

According to the article written by Wang Lan in Western Literary Key Words, “anti-hero” is a relative concept with “hero”. It is a type of role in movies, dramas or novels. Authors performed on traditional values ​​“falsification” by changing the fate of such roles, which marked the publicizing of personal ideology, the labefaction of traditional moral values ​​and people’s query towards ideals and beliefs. “Anti-hero” is not a “villain” or a synonym of “negative” roles, but a collectively known name of the characters in certain literary works. Observed from the surface, they may be humble and always take the attitude of indifference, anger, insensibility towards social politics and morality, but their motivations are not evil which reflects the author’s decomposition and removal of the concept of “Hero”. It can be said that the “anti- hero” comes into being with the generation of “hero”. “Anti- hero” in literary works can be roughly classified into the following four categories. The first category is the “positive ordinary people”. These anti-heroes are some enterprising and mentally healthy ordinary people, who possess self-confidence and are no longer attached to any value system. They are the masters of their own. They are confident, optimistic and always keep moving forward. One example is Jane Eyre. She treats everyone as a distinctive individual. Her observation and behaviors suggest her understanding and care of humanity. Jane Eyre indicates the human-oriented humanism. The second category is “people who suddenly wake up from the illusion”. Their “mentally healthy activities” are influenced by the ideology of the times so they attempt to pursue some seemingly lofty heroic dreams or beliefs. But once these beliefs are proved to be false, they will calm down, or even become distorted; that is, their grand visions are disillusioned. Such disillusion often brings profound moral reflection. Don Quixote is a typical representative of this category. He implies the author’s awareness of social responsibility and the crisis of human’s existence. The third category is “modern people who lose faith”. They indicate modern society’s lack of beliefs. Such anti-heroes are cynical and indifferent due to absence of clear goals and positive values. They cannot understand what rich common life is. As the researching subject of this paper, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning is this kind of “anti- hero” masterpiece, and therefore, the protagonist Arthur Seaton also belongs to the category of “modern people who lose faith”. The fourth category is “people on the wasteland”. Critics in late 20th century might be inspired by The Waste Land (1922) written by Eliot, naming modern people as “people on the wasteland”. In works which describing such characters, the concept of “man” fades away and becomes hollow. One such book is Waiting for Godot. It embodies the world’s absurdness and lack of meaning as well as the loss of ego. As the subject of the “anti- hero” of this paper, Arthur Seaton belongs to “modern people who lose faith”. This paper shall analyze the “anti-hero” in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning according to the above four main aspects of Sartre’s existentialism. As the analysis subject of this paper, Arthur Seaton belongs to the third category. “Anti- hero” can often indicate a universal problem and it reflects a social survival contradiction and crisis of values. By studying the “anti- hero” of the novel, this thesis is able to warn us people who live in the present society that we should have definite goals and beliefs.

2. Literature Review

While Alan Sillitoe is one of the representatives of “angry young men” in the 1950s’ British literature and Saturday Night and Sunday Morning is one of his masterpieces as well as his first novel. There are not so many researches on Alan Sillitoe and his works both at home and abroad. In National Knowledge Infrastructure, WANFANG DATA and CNKI, there are only a few papers and journal articles related to Alan Sillitoe and his writings.

Domestic scholar Yan Lizhang made a brief introduction of Alan Sillitoe’s life experience and his several major writings. He regarded Alan Sillitoe as the most impressive writer, who belonged to “angry young men”, and he also believed that there was a vital pity in Alan Sillitoe’s works; that is, Alan Sillitoe only depicted the resentment and anger of characters in his novels instead of trying to find out the cause of this passive resistance. “He did not hope to seek for a breakthrough point to solve these problems and provide a feasible way, but just truthfully recorded observation from his own personal perception”.(Yan Lizhang, 2009:15) Xiang Xiaomin, the professor from Department of Humanities of Hangzhou Normal University, wrote a treatise on Alan Sillitoe and his works. He thought Alan Sillitoe was the most distinctive one among the contemporary writers. Alan Sillitoe shaped a series of factory workers by using his own working life experience as the background of his writing, and had carried on real and natural portrait of those worker’s joys and sorrows. “Alan showed a great deal of tolerance and understanding of humanitarian to those people’s human nature’s alienation, twistability and malformation which were caused by industrialization”. (Xiang Xiaomin, 2007:126) Domestic scholar Gong Mei studied the ideas guiding creation in literature and art of the British “angry young men” in the 1950s, which was represented by Alan Sillitoe and other contemporary workers. From Hurry on Down and Lucky Jim these two novels, she summarized that works created by those “angry young men” were under the influence of existentialism and had sharp-cut tincture of that time. Luo Yalun analyzed that Alan Sillitoe had a distinctive feature from other “angry young men” whose protagonists described in their works were no longer wrathfully protesting but trying to enter the upper middle class in order to have a more comfortable life. “In Alan’s works, people’s anger and resistance were more intense and they believed in anarchism and extreme individualism which was his most distinct feature of his creative content”. (Luo Yalun, 1986: 16) For these above reasons, Luo Yalun defined Alan Sillitoe as the most successful British novelist who depicted the proletariat and the working class’s daily life after the Second World War.

Domestic scholars have also analyzed other writings written by Alan Sillitoe, such as The Fishing-Boat Picture and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner. Zhang Minglan from Huaiyin Institute of Technology wrote a treatise on the theme of Alan Sillitoe’s short story The Fishing-Boat Picture. She held that compared with Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, The Fishing-Boat Picture had a less complicated storyline and plain language, but in this short story, the portrait of characters was real and delicate and the character’s sensibility was more refined and subtle.

After being adapted into a movie, it was considered to be a masterpiece which was the climax of British Free Cinema. Many famous film critics at that time analyzed this film. For example, in the second chapter of Gheorghe Gaston"s book Karel Reisz, it specifically commented on the film under the same name which was directed by Karel Reisz.

Overseas scholar Daniel Lewis paid his main attention to the male speech and male action in Saturday night and Sunday morning. He focused on the abilities and the limits of male speech in the construction of a working-class masculine gender identity, including how those utterances establish differences and similarities. Furthermore，he argued that male speech created and complicated hierarchical relationships between men and women in the novel. He wrote “Taking into account the relative economic affluence in England following World War II, I also look at how these economic and social issues influenced changing working-class masculine ideals and responsibilities in England at that time.” (Lewis, 2012: 98)

Over the past years, there are very little domestic researches on Alan Sillitoe’s novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. Scholar Yang Yiyu wrote an article on the theme of art structure of Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. She argued that this novel with realistic descriptions reflected the living condition of the post-war British working-class by using realistic writing style. Another paper written by Yan Lizhang took Alan Sillitoe’s novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner as the main object of research in order to make a comprehensive analysis and interpretation on the early works of Alan Sillitoe.

According to the researches above, there appears nearly no intensive study about the antihero from the perspective of existentialism in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. Thus, a full-scale analysis both Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and Alan Sillitoe is necessary. This thesis will analyze the antihero image in the story from the perspective of existentialism, which will be helpful to have a better understanding of the story as well as Alan Sillitoe’s writing intention. Meanwhile, it can also shed some light on the related researches.

3. “Anti-hero” in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning

3.1 Arthur Seaton’s Pursuit of Essence

“Existence precedes essence” is the first factor of Sartre’s existentialism. Sartre believes that people’s essence is based on existence, that is to say, only when people exist, they can establish their essence. Here, “existence” means the existence of individual consciousness, and “essence” refers to the distinctive characteristics of human beings compared with other animals and plants. Before objects exist, its functions and features are already prescribed; therefore, the essence of the object must be there before its existence. However, people have to employ the self-selection and creation to establish their own essence and value. Arthur Seaton, the protagonist in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, is a 22-year-old bicycle factory worker who is tall, handsome and good at winning the favor of women. Therefore, he indulges in flirting with young beautiful women. Arthur’s wages are depended on how many spare parts he has done. He can make 14 pounds a week which can be counted as a pretty high income among the workers at his age. At the same time, he is an energetic, unscrupulous young man. Lying, cheating, stealing and encouraging the criminal person on the street to run against the authority of the police, and then he feels proud of his roguish behavior. He can flirt with several women at the same time. And even when his lover is suffering the pain of pregnancy, he treats his lover with an attitude of indifference and still persists in his old ways. He is an extreme rebel and typical “anti-hero” in modern Britain. “Among the fifty-two weeks in the slowly turning big heel of a year, Saturday is the most wonderful day with the most pleasing, just like the harsh prelude of the Sabbath.” (Sillitoe, 2008: 12) The first twelve chapters mainly make an emphasis on describing the wanton debauchery of Arthur Seaton on Saturday night. He works hard in the bicycle factory in order to take one more drink and philander in bars on Saturday night. He also asks about whose husband is on night shift on Saturday night. It is only for the sake of money that he can work so hard that almost breaks bones and muscles all day. In the 1950s’ Britain, with the development of industrialization, people began to face the crisis of faith because they had no aims or hopes. And Arthur Seaton, a young man with ruffianism, lives in a blind and lack-of-purpose way; therefore, he fights against government, against the foreman to protect his own rights in the form of a rogue and choose the absurd way of existence to revenge on society as well as life. He seeks for psychological balance in wanton ways in order to establish his own essence and values of his existence. However, the rebellious resistance he takes to fight against social system and living conditions is vulgar and even dirty one. And the way he takes to resist social system and living environment is not restrained by any moral ethics. His behavior is dirty and ugly. The existence of this kind of behavior illustrated that the essence of his existence is evil.

3.2 Arthur Seaton’s Absurd Life

According to Sartre’s philosophy of existentialism, Sartre believes that “the world is absurd, and life is painful”. And it is also the primary content of the second factor of Sartre’s existentialism. In the novel Nausea, Sartre summarizes that everything is unfounded. He believes that life is absurd and full of suffering. People from all over the world know that no matter how hard they struggle, it will ultimately turn out to be closer to the end of death. As long as Arthur Seaton wants to earn more money to meet his own enjoyment of life, he has to work very hard. The factory sets a standard amount about how many products the workers need to produce within one week. In fact, that standard amount given by the manager of the factory can be completed by three days. But, if Arthur finishes that quota within three days, the manager of factory will increase his quota and then reduce his payment. The tall and depressive plant, the fatiguing work, the dirty and noisy environment, social institutions, social system and workers’ organizations, all of which make people feel anathematic and disgusting. Arthur works very hard as if he was a cow, and that causes him so tired that have a pain in his waist and back. However, such an intense work only brings him 14 pounds and three shillings a week. Thus, while doing the job, Arthur Seaton mutters and keeps complaining about this ridiculous world. However, he has to regularly draw some money from his wages which he earns very hard to hand in to those repulsive organizations and institutions, in order to maintain those systems. Ironically, these organizations cannot give him any benefits. All of these ridiculous things seem absurd and make no sense at all. And all of his co-workers, neighbors around him are selfish and cold-hearted. Everyone is only care about his own benefits and doesn’t care if other people are alive or dead. Such an absurd world makes Arthur Seaton has a feeling of misery and he cannot feel a shred of warmth. Therefore, he is full of anger and even hostility towards everything and everyone. He wants to resist but is unable to change the reality. But he still has to fight in order to survive and his heart has always been filled of contradictions. He was born to a working-class family, so he could not receive higher education which made him hard to get ahead, so as to obtain a higher social status. Arthur Seaton is always seeking for a chance to rank among the upper-class in order to improve his living environment. But after suffering the failure at reaching his goals, he feels rancorous and chooses to express his ambivalence in a roguish way. His revolt cannot be expressed through reasonable ways. Forced by the brutal exploitation of the factory, the tedious labor in the depressive plant and the cruel reality, he takes a cynical and absurd attitude towards life. Since there is no marriage, relatively speaking, Arthur Seaton does not have a lot of family burdens. Therefore, except working at the bicycle factory from Monday to Friday to make money, and then gives a small part of these wages to his mother as family spending. The rest of his wages is used to buy fashionable clothes and have fun in bars. He never thinks about his future or saves some money for his later marriage life. He gets drunk, gambles, flirts with women and makes trouble on Saturday night. He flirts with his colleague"s wife, Brenda, but that does not make him feel guilty at all; on the contrary, he thinks it is all Jack’s fault. Moreover, Arthur thinks he is helping Jack to take good care of Brenda. All in all, Arthur"s life is an absurd, painful life.

3.3 Arthur Seaton’s Free Choice

Sartre proposes such an assertion in his philosophical works that people were judged to be free. Sartre summarizes that people have the right of freedom. No matter in what kind of environment, people can make choice freely according to their own will. Although freedom is relative to the certain environment, the environment cannot limit people’s freedom. That is to say, freedom is absolute. Freedom and existence can exist at the same time. People are doomed to be free from their beginning. Definitely, the freedom that Sartre makes emphasis on does not mean people are not restrained by any constraint, but refers to people’s choice of their autonomy. People’s freedom means that they are free to choose. No matter facing what kind of situations in life, people are all free to choose. They can choose to become what kind of person, choose to treat things in what kind of attitudes and choose to take what kind of actions. All of these choices are made by people’s subjective consciousness of freedom. Arthur Seaton thinks that he is irresponsible for carrying on a clandestine love affair with married women, and all he needs to do is enjoy happiness. So at the beginning, Arthur Seaton chooses to flirt with several married women, instead of getting married with a single beautiful lady. Arthur Seaton takes the place of Brenda’s husband to go to the club with Brenda and bets with drunken sailors for drinking. As a result, he becomes drunk and falls down the stairs. Arthur Seaton hangs out with Brenda’s sister when Brenda is suffering the pain of abortion and that causes him beaten by Brenda’s sister’s soldier husband. After suffering this frustration, Arthur Seaton suddenly wakes up; he no longer indulges in the pleasure of alcohol and the pursuit of women. Three months later, he marries Doreen. These choices are entirely made by his freedom of choice. He revolts social strength that can control him: foreman of workshop, the husband of women he beloved. Because these people support factory and family’s functioning, Arthur Seaton chooses to fight with them. Although he also hates the army just like his cousins, he does not follow his cousins’ behavior of violations of law to escape from the army. He just pretends to be loyal to army. This is his attitude towards life. He chooses the way of debauchery. This is his choice of life. People need to constantly making choices throughout their life. People’s lives are doomed to make choice unceasingly, and no matter what kind of life path, it is the result of people’s free choice. Arthur Seaton’s absurd, rebellious and unruly behaviors in the novel are his own free choice. He chooses a life of debauchery, indulging in alcohol. That is his choice of his own life.

3.4 Arthur Seaton’s Hellish Interpersonal Relationship

According to Sartre, individual freedom and value are the most important things, and the society is the opposite and the enemy of individuals. People can achieve absolute freedom only when they break off the relationships with others and the society. Arthur Seaton is a typical rebel of contemporary society for he is full of anger and even hostile emotions towards the real society, as well as he is out of step with the surroundings. Therefore, he becomes angry and resistant and manages to set himself free from the control of others. It embodies the essential characteristics of the relationship between man and others -- that is full of contradictions. And that implies Sartre’s argument that “hell is other people”. “When hell mentioned, you will think of the stake, grill, ah, it is really a great joke, why should use the grill! Hell is others.” This is a quote from Sartre’s famous play Internal and it is also the profound experience of Galveston in the process of getting along with others. In the script Locked, Sartre said: “Hell is other people.” Through this sentence, Sartre shows his opinion of the contradictory relationship between man and society as well as between man and others. Individual freedom and value are the most important things for Sartre, and society is the opposite and the enemy of individuals. People can have absolute freedom only when they cut off the relationships with other people and society. People need to face with constant threats coming from other things when they first come to this world. There are always a variety of restrictions on people’s freedom attached by others and society. However, people have to live together with others in a certain society. It is impossible to be isolated from others. Therefore, the freedom of individuals will inevitably clash with the freedom of others. Arthur Seaton is a typical rebel in current society. Facing nonhuman toil with low payment, he is full of anger and even hostile emotions towards the real society. Moreover, he is out of step with the environment. He complains about everything happening to him. He is vaguely aware that the factory machine as the center of politics, economy and ethics, just like a ruthless network which will tie him tightly and chock him. Hence, he becomes angry and resistant and tries to free himself from other people’s control. He wants to get rid of all these hostile things and live in a happy and free life, but he still has to continue to work in the bicycle factory for livelihood and continues to be imprisoned and bounded, as well as continues to carry on the contradiction with others. It embodies the essential characteristics of the human relationships with others -- that is full of contradictions, which were the reflection of Sartre’s argument on “hell is other people”.

4. Conclusion

As a representative of the “angry young men” which prevailed in the British literature in the 1950s, Alan Sillitoe employs the style of existentialism and anti-hero in most of his works such as in the novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. Arthur Seaton, the leading character in this novel, is a typical anti-hero who is imbued with the characteristics of existentialism.

This paper tries to interpret Arthur Seaton, the leading anti-hero character of Alan Sillitoe’s Saturday Night and Sunday Morning from the perspective of existentialism. First of all, it deals with Arthur Seaton’s pursuit of essence. It is found out that his pursuit of essence implies Sartre’s existentialism in that “Existence precedes essence.” Secondly, it talks about Arthur Seaton’s absurd life. Sartre’s existentialism holds that “the world is absurd, and life is painful.” Arthur Seaton takes advantage of his absurd attitude towards life to express his discontent with and fight against the absurd world. Thirdly, it makes an analysis of Arthur Seaton’s free choice. Sartre believes that human beings are free to make choices according to their own will. It is Seaton’s personal choice to conduct various absurd deeds to reveal his dissatisfaction and combat with society. Finally, the thesis makes a research on Arthur Seaton’s interpersonal relationships. Arthur Seaton is fueled by anger and even antagonism to the real world. To the surroundings, he is a square peg in a round hole who has conflicts with all those around him. And this embodies exactly Sartre’s idea that “hell is other people”.

Based on the above analyses, anti-hero characters will not make novels incomprehensible. Instead, the description of anti-heroes’ charm can infuse more profoundness into novels. What’s more, this thesis also creates an open space for readers to think over and get fuller and deeper understanding of the novel. Besides, this paper aims to evoke more researches into Alan Sillitoe’s works so as to make him more popular.

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