论文总字数：26799字

摘 要

《西游记》是中国的四大经典名著之一，它在文学史上也是一部杰作。中国文化源远流长，即便是名字也包涵了丰富的文化内涵。文章结合切斯特曼的翻译伦理模式，即再现伦理，服务伦理，传意伦理，规范伦理和专业责任伦理，探讨了詹纳尔的《西游记》译本中人名的翻译译者应该遵循的伦理模式，为不同文化更好的交流寻找可能性。

本文第一部分介绍了一下翻译伦理的定义以及翻译伦理在人名翻译中的必要性，并提出从切斯特曼的五种翻译伦理模式来分析詹纳尔《西游记》中的人名翻译。第二部分主要是讨论了切斯特曼的五种翻译伦理模式在国内外的发展。第三部分本文分析了这五种翻译模式在詹纳尔英译本中人名翻译的作用并选取一些典型的翻译实例，提出几点可操作性的翻译方法，然后探讨如何使译者在翻译中取得更大的实践意义。最后提出翻译伦理在翻译活动中的必要性，译者应注重不同的翻译伦理，并采取不同的翻译方法，以达到更好的文化交流。

关键词：切斯特曼的翻译伦理模式；西游记；人名翻译；翻译方法

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Review 1

2.1 An overview on ethics in translation……………………………………….1

2.2 A brief review on Chesterman"s five models about ethics in translation 2

3. An Analysis on Translation of Characters" Names in Journey to the West from the Prospective of Chesterman"s Five Models 2

3.1 Five ethical models in name translation of Journey to the West 3

3.2 Practical Methods in Translation of Characters＇Names 5

4. Conclusion 9

Works Cited 11

1. Introduction

Translation is a cross-culture activity that expresses the meaning of one language in another language, aiming at coordinating different relationships, spreading cultural knowledge and promoting social civilization among different countries. It is necessary to use some principles and norms to guide and coordinate the translation. The standard that guides people to interact with each other is ethics. In translation, this series of norms and principles are known as the translation ethics. Translation ethics are also needed in the translation of the characters" names in the Jenner"s English version of Journey to the West. So Jenner should set the correct translation ethics to apply appropriate methods to translate these names.

The main theory the most people adopted to guide the translation of characters’ names in the Jenner"s version is from the translation aethetics. It is new that translation ethics applies to Jenner"s translation of characters" names.

This thesis explains the translation of the characters" names of Jenner" s translation from Chesterman" s five Models. Firstly is a brief introduction of translation ethics, including its definition, necessity, as well as the functions of Chesterman" s five translation ethics in the Journey to the West. Then some practical translation methods are put forward. It can make this thesis more meaningful.

2. Literature Review

Ethics refers to the moral standard that people follow each other. It is the basic concepts and fundamental principles of decent human conduct. It includes study of universal values such as the essential equality of all men and women, human or natural rights, obedience to the law of land, concern for health and safety and, increasingly, also for the natural environment. Translation is a purposeful activity. It is not only the transmission of meaning, but also to coordinate the interpersonal relation.

2.1 An overview on ethics in translation

Antoine Berman is the initiator of the concept of "translation ethics". The original text and the difference of language and culture should be respected and accordingly, the objective of the ethics of translation is to enrich Self by introducing Other. "The ethics of translation consists of bringing out, affirming and defending the pure aims of translation as such." (Berman, 1992:5). The nature of translation activities determines the ethical nature of translation, that is to say, the establishment of translation ethics is the necessity of translation activities. Lawrence Venuti presented "ethics of difference", Anthong Pym proposed "translator"s ethics" in his the Return to Ethics, Chinese scholars also began to pay attention to ethical issues in translation studies.

2.2 A brief review on Chesterman "s five models about ethics in translation

Translation ethics is the moral requirements of the translator"s moral culture and the culture of the target language. The presupposition of the traditional translation ethics is: faithfulness and equivalence. Along with its continuous development and maturity, translation ethics has changed. Translation ethics is a guide to translation behavior and translation results. It not only studies the translation behavior, but also studies the main body of the translation behavior. Social activities can be changed, and the purpose of translation is different.

What"s more, the subjectivity of the translator will bring about different ethical issues. From the practical research, it is concluded that the translation norms can guide the translation process. The purpose of translation ethics is to build some normative translation.

Andrew Chesterman"s five models contribute to translation ethics a lot. These five models are ethics of representation, ethics of service, ethics of communication ，the norm-based ethics and ethics of commitment. The five models reflect the essence of translation and make the translation ethics more systematic and practical. If the translator translates the Journey to the West according to these five ethics, the translation version can be most inspiring and readable.

3. An Analysis on Translation of Characters" Names in Journey to the West from the Prospective of Chesterman"s Five Models

Ethics in translation can guide the characters" names. This thesis researches translation of characters" names from the translation ethic models. The importance of this is to discuss how to translate characters" names in models of translation ethics, and then from the analysis, it can perfect the appropriate translation model to establish the correct ethical values.

3.1 Five ethical models in name translation of Journey to the West

Chesterman is a scholar who has a great influence on the research of translation ethics. His translation ethics is more objective and systematic. On the basis of current studies, he put forward five major ethical models, that is, "ethics of representation, ethics of service, ethics of communication, norm-based ethics and ethics of commitment"(Chesterman, 2001:7). These five models have far-reaching significance for translation studies and translation practice.

3.1.1 Ethics of representation in name translation

The translator should respect the original author"s intention and be faithful to the original text. Therefore, the target version should represent the basic features of the original text. As a spokesperson for the author, Jenner should be responsible for the author, and get the maximum access to the original and seek for as much equivalence as possible. In the translation, the translator must maintain the ethics of representation to present the most similar version to the target readers.

The characters in literary works are also a part of art creation. The names of the main characters in the literary works are not the labels, but closely related to the characters and social experiences. As a cross-cultural communicative activity, translation is often very contradictory. Due to cultural differences, the ethics of representation is not applicable to any time, Taking the Journey to the West as an example,， “处士者是个野牛精,山君者是个熊罴精,寅将军者是个老虎精。”The Hermit is a wild bull spirit, the Mountain Lord is a bear spirit, and General Yin is a tiger spirit. Although obviously, Jenner adapt the law of literal translation followed by the ethics of representation. The meaning of "spirit" in English is neutral. It refers to all the supernatural creatures, such as elves, fairies, Chinese “精” refers to the ghosts and goblins, contains a derogatory sense. Therefore, some Chinese Appellation in the process of literal translation caused readers" incomprehension, the translator did not consider readers" acceptance which may lead to the wrong understanding of the western readers. So in order to effectively promote cultural exchanges, the translator should pay attention to the differences between Chinese culture and Western culture when following the ethics of representation.

3.1.2 Ethics of service in name translation

Ethics of service describes the translation as a commercial activity for the clients the translator should serve and this model requires translators to be firstly loyal to clients, then to target readers and last to the author. It can be seen that the purpose of translating is not for representing the original text which is only a source of the information here, but for providing service for the clients and readers. Therefore, the main responsibility of translators under ethics of service is to serve the readers. To meet the needs of users, the translator should be faithful to the target readers, and translate the original text in the form of the most likely to be accepted by the target readers. Such as the "Benborba"（奔波儿灞）and the "Baborben"（灞波尔奔）,they are the two famous monsters in the novel. Jenner used alliteration followed by transliteration to attract readers, thus stimulating the reading desire of western readers.

“那女子笑吟吟,忙陪俏语道:这是奴奴煮的午饭,送与那些人吃。”The girl smiled and produced a smooth reply at once: "I am taking them this food I have cooked." The meaning of “奴” is equivalent to the word "slave" in English. Jenner translated it into "I" instead of the literal word to make readers easy to understand the content of the work. The ideology of male domination and female subordination is handed down from feudal society. Using "it" cannot express the view that men are superior to women.

3.1.3 Ethics of communication in name translation　

Ethics of communication regards translation as a kind of cross cultural communication. The purpose of the translation is communicating with others. The duty is to respect the original author, the translator and the readers, and thus achieve the equality of the original text and the target text. The translator needs to be loyal to the target readers and author.

Many characters" names contain rich meaning, related to the official positions, nickname, appellation, etc. Even many names involve ancient myths, beast or allusions. It is hard for Jenner to find the corresponding word in the target language. For this purpose, the translator can better convey the information contained in the original text through the free translation method. Such as“城隍”, the word for " city of God ", indicates the functions of the office; “木德星君” is translated into the "wood planet" to express the meaning contained in the name of a person. The novel has a large number of god and Buddha related to Buddhist, but not the main characters. Their names evolved from Sanskrit and had formed a regular and recognized translation in English. Jenner directly used the idiom, this translation not only avoid the trouble of retranslation, but also make readers easy to accept.

3.1.4 Norm-based ethics in name translation

Chesterman proposes the classification of professional norms and expectancy norms. In order to have the access to the target culture from the translation, the translator should reveal translation norms to make choices between two cultures. With the norm-based ethics, the translator"s duty is to meet the reader"s expectation and conform to the ethical values while translating the characters" names. This requires the translator to fully consider the translation strategies while translating the names of characters. Only in this way can the translation be more readable. In the entire text, Jenner translated “师傅” into "master of law", and“法师”, literal translation "master of law". The author believes that his translation does not retain the literariness of the original culture in the target text. From the perspective of translation ethics, the translation is not faithful to the original text, which is contrary to a basic moral norm of translation ethics.

3.1.5 Ethics of commitment in name translation

Ethics of commitment is import for promoting and perfecting the translator"s professional translation level, the standard requirements and the professional integrity. It aims to deal with the incompatibility among the other ethics. This requires the translator translate the names of these characters with comprehensive professional skill

3.2 Practical methods in translation of characters＇names

Chesterman believes that the translator has the subject consciousness, while the communication of ideas and information is also making changes. He can also adopt different translation strategies according to the type of text and the purpose of translation. According to his point of view, translation strategy is essentially the conceptual tools in translation. Translation methods have a role in translating by the translation norms. A series of translation strategies are adopted by the translators to get the most ideal translation. Therefore, translation strategy is a kind of process, a kind of behavior way.

The names of the characters in literary works are different from the names in our daily life. In a way, they contain some of the purpose of the author, for example, to suggest the character and personality of the characters, to reveal the theme of literary works, to achieve a number of rhetorical effects, etc. In the Journey to the West, there are a large number of characters containing much image features so that readers can remember them for a long time. The names of these different characters contain a wealth of information, such as culture.

While the complex characters" names in the Journey to the West show the charm of Chinese language and Chinese culture, a lot of difficulties in translation bring to the translators. There is a great difference between Chinese and Western culture, especially in religion. Taoism and Buddhism in the Journey to the West are almost contrary to the Western Christianity. It is difficult for translators to make the Western readers understand the culture influenced by Buddhism and Taoism which is different from their own religion. The following is taking Jenner"s translation as an example to elaborate his translation methods one by one.

The translation for the characters" names in Jenner"s version can be divided into five types.

3.2.1 Literal translation

Literal translation can keep the original meaning and original form, including the use of words, sentence structure, metaphor and so on. Literal translation is a sufficient method to the translator as the words in the target language can exactly and effectively express the meaning of the source language.

①Literal translation

Taibaijinxing 太白金星 Planet Venus

Yu lan 玉兰 Jade Orchid

In Chinese Taoism, "Taibaijinxing"（太白金星）is a messenger that patrols the world on behalf of the Jade Emperor. In Western mythology, Venus is known as the goddess of love in the west. With the perfect body and looks, "Venus" is considered a symbol of female beauty. Taking literal translation without annotation is difficult for the foreigners who do not understand Chinese culture to realize the real meaning of the name. In China, orchid represents the ambition of elegant culture, also known as the flower "gentleman". "Jade Orchid" (玉兰), a litter girl, named with an orchid, is very easy for people to imagine their beauty. But the word Orchid in English only refers to the meaning of orchids and purple without the kind of deep meaning of Chinese culture.

②Transliteration

Transliteration is the method that translates pronunciation rather than the meaning of source language. "It is also called with transcription, using one symbol system of one language to express another symbol system language" (Fang Mengzhi, 2004:96).

"Tang Sanzang" (唐三藏) is a transliteration, retained the integrity of the Chinese habits. "Tang Sanzang" surnamed Chen, is the Tang Dynasty monk, move west to India for Buddhist scriptures so named "Tang Sanzang ". Taking literal translation without annotation is difficult for the foreigners who do not understand Chinese culture to realize the real meaning of the name.

③Transliteration plus annotation

祖师道:“我门中有十二个字,… …排到你正当‘悟’字。与你起个法名叫做‘孙悟空’好么?”＂There are twelve words within my sect. If we work out the generations of disciples, then you should have a name with Wu(Awakened) in it. So we can give you the Dharma? Named Sun Wukong, which means "Monkey Awakened to Emptiness" " (Jenner 1993:87) If we directly used transliteration for Sun Wukong"s name, the Western readers will not be able to understand the meaning of the Buddhist. Therefore, Jenner took the transliteration plus annotation method to conform to Chinese appellation"Sun Wukong", and attached the annotation "Monkey Awakened to Emptiness" to express profound Buddhism theory.

3.2.2 Free Translation

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