论文总字数：37680字

摘 要

随着体育竞赛的快速兴起，人们日益喜爱浏览国际体育新闻及其报道，所以体育新闻英语翻译在国内体育新闻报道的传播过程中占据着重要地位。同时在经济全球化的影响下，英语体育新闻翻译也肩负着国际体育信息交流和语言文化传播的重要使命。目前而言，功能翻译理论能够突破“功能对等”的束缚，对体育新闻翻译更具有效性和可靠性。

本文旨在从功能翻译理论视角探究英语体育新闻的英译汉，并着重探讨功能翻译理论在英语体育新闻英译汉领域中应用的合理性和重要性，旨在促进体育新闻翻译语言的准确性和规范性。本论文的研究意义在于借助分析篮球赛事的报道，分别从词汇、语句等方面对英语体育新闻进行文本分析。

关键词：功能翻译理论；英语体育新闻；英译汉；翻译策略；译者

Contents

1.Introduction………………………………………………………………1

2.Literature Review………………………………………………………1

3. Functionalist Translation Theory………………………………..……..3

3.1 Origin and development of functionalist translation theory……...…..…3

3.2 Major concepts of functionalist translation theory………………..…….4

3.2.1 Definition and essence of translation……………………...………….4

3.2.2 Participants in the translation progress…………………………..…....5

3.2.3 The principles of translation……………………………………..……5

4. Features of English Sports News……………………………………….6

4.1 Features of vocabulary…………………………………………..………6

4.1.1 Colloquial words…………………………………………...……….....7

4.1.2 Synthetic words………………………………...……………..….........7

4.1.3 Terminology……………………………………………..………….....7

4.1.4 Exaggerated and humorous words………………………………….....8

4.1.5 Names and nicknames……………………………………………...….8

4.2 Features of sentences………………………………………………. …..9

4.2.1 Action voice…………………………………….……….……....…….9

4.2.2 Extension of simple sentences………………………………...……....9

5. Analysis of Translation of English Sports News from the Perspective of Functionalist Translation Theory…………………………....…......….9

5.1 General rules for translating English sports news………….....…..........10

5.1.1 Skopos rule……………………………………………………….......10

5.1.2 Coherence rule……………………………………………………….10

5.1.3 Fidelity and Loyalty rule……………………………………………..11

5.2 Translation strategies for translating English sports news…...………...12

5.2.1 Literal translation……………………………………………...…......12

5.2.2 Liberal translation……………………………………………........…13

5.2.3 Adaptation………………………………………………......……..…13

6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………...14

Works Cited……………………………………………………..………..15

1. Introduction

As an important symbol of social civilization, sports events are an indispensable element in social and cultural life. With the development of society and economy, sports matches, especially, draw much attention from the people interested in sports all over the world. On one hand, the charm of sports has promoted the rise of sports news, which has become a highlight of various media. Reports on sports news almost take up one fourth of the whole news report. On the other hand, it is unrealistic for journalists to go directly abroad to do some interviews concerning sports events. This unbalanced development between the weakness in the power of media coverage and the great demand for foreign sports news from domestic readers determines the inevitability and necessity of sports news translation(Peng 60). Therefore, sports news translation has attracted much attention from the scholars in the field of translation. At present, sports news translation is mainly based on functional equivalence theory(Liu 102), which emphasizes the equivalence in content and the form between the translation and the original one. However, as languages continue to change and develop, due to many differences between English and Chinese, it is harder to realize complete functional equivalence in the process of translation. Without seeking functional equivalence in form, we find that functionalist translation theory is a more practical strategy for sports news translation. On the basis of such consideration, this thesis, in light of functionalist translation theory, is intended to exemplify some translation strategies and prove the significance of the application of functionalist translation theory in sports news translation.

This thesis, firstly, introduces the origin and development of functionalist translation theory, and then elaborates the lexical and syntactic features of English sports news. After that, the paper explores the four principles to be followed in the process of English sports news translation from the perspective of functionalist translation theory, and proposes some corresponding translation strategies. The final part is a general conclusion on the significance of the application of functionalist translation theory in the field of E-to-C sports news translation.

2. Literature Review

In the 1970s and 1980s, gradually came into existence functionalist translation theory, which was created by almost all the Germans translation scholars under the leadership of Katharina Reiss, who were also called “German school”(Nord 108). They believed that the purposes of translation determined translation strategies. That is to say, the final goals of translation determine the concrete application of translation methods.

In 1978, Hans. J. Vermeer proposed Skopostheorie in his book Framework for a German Translation Theory. Skopos means purpose in Greek. Vermeer also described the word as target, purpose, aim, intention and function(Vermeer 186). Vermeer holds that translation is not only a transformation of the two languages but also one kind of act. And any act is accompanied with its purpose. That is why he proposed the theory -- Skopostheorie, which become the core of functionalist translation theory. In his view, firstly, translation strategies must be determined by translation purposes. Secondly, the translation of the original texts mainly conveys the relevant information to the target audience, so translators should re-examine the cultural and social customs of the target audience in order to choose appropriate strategies to come up with the corresponding idiomatic version. Thirdly, the purpose of functionalist translation theory refers to the achievement of communicative purpose of the translated texts rather than that of the original ones.

Later on, on the basis of skopos theory, Christina Nord enriched functionalist translation theory. In Discourse Analysis in Translation, she proposed the concept of “function plus loyalty”(Zhang 61), that is, the principle of loyalty. It does not refer to the relationship between the translated texts and the original ones in functional equivalence, but the trilateral cooperation when there exist conflicts between the interests of authors, translators and target language receivers. What’s more, this translation theory, under the guidance of functionalist translation theory, should follow the principle of consistency. Coherence rule refers to the intratextual coherence in translated texts. And the translated texts must be understandable to the receivers in target language communication environment and knowledge background.

Functionalist translation theory interprets translation from a totally new perspective and provides guidance for translation. It is a theory that takes translation purpose as the core and gives consideration to the multilateral relations among the original author, translation initiator and target audience(Zhang 63). Functionalist translation theory chooses the most appropriate translation method and translation strategy from the perspective of function and purpose. In other words, different methods correspond to different purposes. For example, transliteration, zero translation and other translation methods which do not conform to traditional translation methods can also be employed in the process of translation. These non-traditional translation methods are just suitable for the translation of sports news, which is one kind of practical translation with clear functions and distinctive features. Functionalist translation theory avoids the blindness of traditional translation and has strong theoretical guiding significance for the translation of sports reports.

3. Functionalist Translation Theory

Before the emergence of functionalist translation theory, the traditional idea of translation, frequently associated with word-for-word fidelity, had prevailed in the field of translation. However, more and more translators found that it was hard for them to achieve word-for-word equivalence in translation practice. Different translation situations need different renderings. Namely, those translators were not satisfied with the existing traditional translation theory, so functionalist translation theory came into being.

3.1 Origin and development of functionalist translation theory

Functionalist translation theory came into existence in the 1970s, whose core concept is “function and loyalty”. Function refers to the elements that enable the translated text to work in a predetermined way in the context of the target language. The original text is not the center in the translating activities and fidelity is not the highest translation standard in functionalist translation theory. This theory mainly emphasizes an important fact: the function of translation is specific, and every translation practice has its own specific function. Therefore, in terms of functionalist translation theory, the criterion to evaluate translation is whether the translation can realize the function of the source text in a specific context.

Functionalist translation theory was proposed by German translation scholars Katharina Reiss, Hans. J. Vermeer, Justa Hertz Mantalley and Christina Nord, etc. Its formation has gone through four stages. In the first stage, Katharina Reiss introduced the concept of functional categories(Reiss 59) in her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism in 1971, and she listed text function as the criterion of translation criticism. The perfect translation should be that original texts and translated texts establish equivalence in terms of content, language form and communicative function. The book, Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism, is also deemed to be the start of German Functionalist translation theory. In the second stage, the shackles of equivalence theory centered on the source language were further broken through by Vermeer. After putting forward the concept that translation activities should be based on the purpose of the text, Vermeer founded the fundamental theory of functionalist translation theory -- skopos theory. The core concept of skopos theory is that the concrete application of translation strategies depends on the anticipated purpose of the target texts. In the third stage, Justa Hertz Mantalley developed Vermeer’s skopos theory, pointing out that translation is a complex behaviour for achieving a specific purpose. The research object of Mantalley’s translation theory covers all forms of cross-cultural transformation and the word “translation” has also been away from the tradition connotation in her book The Act of Translation Theory and Graduate Methods. In the forth stage, Nord inherited the first generation of functionalist translation theory and then created the second one. In all scholars of studying functionalist translation theory, it is she who was the first to collect all academic thoughts of functionalist translation theory comprehensively and systematically as well as interpret the complex theory and terminology in 1997. She also proposed the principle of “function and loyalty” in order to supplement skopos theory, because of some deficiencies in functionalist translation theory.

In short, functionalist translation theory, based on behavioral theory, put emphasis on the intention of translation and the role of translators in translation activities. Translators are free from the limitation of the source texts and regard translation as a purposeful communicative acts between the authors and the readers. Since the translation of sports news contains a strong sense of purpose, the application of functionalist translation theory is of practical significance to it.

3.2 Major concepts of functionalist translation theory

The core ideas of functionalist translation theory mainly include the definition and the essence of translation, the roles of participants and four principles in the course of translation.

3.2.1 Definition and essence of translation

“Translation is the target text that creation makes it have a certain function”, as defined in functionalist translation theory. Translation enables communicative behaviors which cannot be realized due to the objective language and cultural barriers to be carried out successively. The definition actually emphasizes three meanings. First, the translated version has certain functions. Second, the translated text and the source text should maintain a certain degree of contact depending on the function and the goal of the translation. Third, translation must address objective language and cultural barriers. These three meanings summarize the essence of functionalist translation theory.

3.2.2 Participants in the translation progress

Translation is a behavioral activity with intention as well as a social activity with interaction. All aspects constitute an interactive system, connecting and affecting each other(Nord 129). According to functionalist translation theory, participants in the process of translation are divided into five basic categories: initiator, commissioner, translator, source-text producer, target-text receiver and target-text user. Among these participants, the translator is the most important link in the chain of translation. Guided by the translation requirements, the translator summarizes the communicative purpose of the target text. The communicative purpose enables the translator to determine how to fulfill translation tasks. However, this distinction between these participants is not absolute. Even one participant can play multiple roles at the same time. Target-text receiver is the key point, affecting the translator’s analysis and the achievement of translation purpose.

3.2.3 The principles of translation

In functionalist translation theory, skopos rule and loyalty rule are two fundamental rules in all translation processes and other rules or principles will be applied according to specific situations.

As mentioned previously, on one hand, Vermeer’s skopos rule is the most important rule in functionalist translation theory, and it should be the first rule to be followed. According to skopos rule, the final purpose of translation determines the concrete application of translation methods. There are three explanations for this purpose: the purpose of translator, communicative purpose of the translation and the intention of using specific translation method. Actually, “purpose” usually refers to the communicative purpose of translation. In addition to skopos rule, skopos theory also includes the other two rules: coherence rule and fidelity rule. The former requires that the translation must meet the standard of intra-textual coherence, which means that translation must be understood by recipient and is meaningful in communicative environment of target language. And the later means that there should be of inter-textual coherence between source texts and target texts. On the other hand, Nord put forward the principle of “function and loyalty” in her book called Discourse Analysis in Translation, as the complement of skopos theory, because she found two deficiencies in functionalist translation theory. One is caused by cultural specificity of translation models. The relationship between translator and source-text producer is the other weakness. Loyalty rule requires translator to be responsible for all participants in the process of translation(Nord 127) and coordinate the relationship between initiator, target language reader and source-text producer(Nord 126).

Features of English Sports News

The analysis of original texts is a crucial part of translation activities as well as preparations before translation. As one part of news reports, sports news not only has the general characteristics of news reports, but also has its unique style and features. In order to more intuitively and profoundly reflect the text features of English sports news, this part will analyze the text features of English sports news in terms of vocabulary and sentences.

Features of vocabulary

In English sports news, the features of vocabulary are mainly embodied in five aspects. Respectively, they are colloquial words, synthetic words, terminology, exaggerated and humorous words, and names and nicknames.

4.1.1 Colloquial words

First of all, informal words and phrases are usually used in English sports news. Because most of the target readers are young men, a group of energy and enthusiasm, colloquial words make English sports news more fun and vital for them. In order to meet the target readers’ preferences and needs, English sports news tends to be colloquial and entertaining. For example, “Curry, from three, got it. Crossover, step back, three pointer, bang!” In sentence, “bang” is explained as hitting something in a way which makes a loud noise in Oxford English Dictionary. However, here, the sentence uses “bang” as a mimetic word to describe Curry’s perfect consecutive three-pointers. For another example, Kobe said once I see that I have to turn it on, I’ll turn it on. “Turn on” usually means “open up”or “switch on”, and here it refers to something causing excitement or stimulating interest. Take a piece of basketball news from ESPN for example, Huston Rockets will take their lumps soon because they have little experience of postseason. In this sentence, “take lumps” means “fail” or “have difficulties” in colloquial dialogue in North America.

4.1.2 Synthetic words

English sports news seems to create something new and unique, often using words that do not exist in dictionaries. Sometimes journalists make up some buzz-worthy new words or synthetic words according to the content of the report in order to cater to various reading tastes of the readers, such as the word “outslug”. Based on “slug it out”, “outslug” is rooted on “slug”, with the prefix “out”. It means “score a success”. There are a number of the synthetic words in English sports, like masterclass, backfield, goal keeper, free kick etc.

4.1.3 Terminology

The extensive use of sports terms is another lexical feature of sports news. Sports terms refer to the terms applied in the field of sports matches. Due to the particularity of the competitions, some sports terms will be used in the commentary of competition, including competition system, names of players and the characteristics of movements. There are two main reasons for many professional terms in sports news. On one hand, specific actions, rules and tactics can only be expressed in professional terms because of the objective requirements of sports reports. On the other hand, it is also for the purpose of highlighting its professionalism, authority and understanding of the events. The following are some terms appeared in sports news, such as, shooting percentage, air ball, block, cover, steal, charging and transition etc.

4.1.4 Exaggerated and humorous words

In order to leave a deep impression on readers, sports news often adopt some unique rhetorical devices to achieve vividness and vitality of the language. And the exaggerated and humorous words are most common. They can make the drab schedule expression more live and interesting, bringing readers different feelings. For example, this monster leap allows Lavine to grab the bounds pass 9 foot above the court. In this sentence, “monster leap” refers to Lavine’s terrific spring. Although it is exaggerated, it best describes Lavine’s excellent leaping ability and powerful aura. Another example is one of the sentences in the retirement speech of Yao Ming-- Back then, I was chasing Steven Francis and Cuttino Mobley in a transition just like two mini tanks draging a huge Boeing 777 plane on an airport. Through humorous metaphor and contrast, Yao vividly described the clumsy and inferior image of a new comer. Compared with monotonous description, the style of exaggerated and humorous words add interest and attraction to sports news and become a prominent feature of English sports news.

4.1.5 Names and nicknames

Generally speaking, sports organizations or teams have long names. In consideration of simplicity and vivid images, nicknames are often used flexibly in English sports news to represent a certain country, organization and team.

Team names represent not only kinds of sports, but also deep implications. Take team names in NBA for example, their names include locations, environments, histories and industries, like Chicago Bulls, Houston Rockets, L.A. lakers, Miami Heat etc. However, they just are called Bulls, Rockets...and so on for conciseness and intimacy in sports news. Of course, athletes’ names can also be done like that, such as KO, Kobe Bryant.

Features of sentences

Action voice and extension of simple sentences are two sentence features of English sports news. These two sentence features are determined by the conciseness and objectivity of English sports news.

4.2.1 Action voice

Action voice can make readers have a sense of directness and make the narration have an unquestionable effect, in order to enhance the authority of sports news. At the same time, sports news tend to focus on the narration centering on athletes or sports team to highlight the subjective initiative of athletes. The use of active voice in sports news is very obvious and common, such as--Portugal"s Cristiano Ronaldo celebrates scoring their first goal against Morocco in a Group B match at Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, Russia, June 2018.

4.2.2 Extension of simple sentences

As mentioned above, sports news belongs to the narration, which reports the recent major sports events at home and abroad. In order to report accurately and completely, journalists will inevitably use clauses, parenthesis and complement to explain the the event as clearly as possible. Therefore, in sports news, sentences with long and complex structure often appear. For example, the media seem fascinated with Harden"s incredible scoring binge and have covered it as such, detailing his mounting 30-point games and creating a pursuit of what would"ve seemed like an untouchable Wilt Chamberlain record just a few months ago.

Analysis of Translation of English Sports News from the Perspective of Functionalist Translation Theory

In light of functionalist translation theory, translators are given more translation methods and strategies to choose in course of English sports news translation. Even so, it does not mean that translators can work in a slipshod way. In general, more attention should be paid to the following translation principles in sports news translation.

5.1 General rules for translating English sports news

In the above section, this thesis has interpreted the four general rules in functionalist translation theory -- skopos rule, coherence rule, fidelity rule and loyalty rule. In this section, this paper will prove applicability and acceptability of these rules in the process of English sports news translation.

5.1.1 Skopos rule

In the process of translating English sports news into Chinese versions, translators should try their best to keep Chinese versions achieve the function of providing sports information for Chinese readers. In sports news, the purpose ordinarily means the communicative purpose in target text environment. The rule mainly intends to solve translators’ choice of translation methods like literal translation or liberal translation, dynamic equivalence or formal equivalence and so(Nord, 129). For example, here is the English version: Good play, off the glass, sweet move from Stephen Curry. Weaving through the defenders, and put it up and in. And here is the Chinese one: 快速打板上篮，斯蒂芬·库里的步伐非常美妙，他在一群防守中如蝴蝶穿花般，将球投进。In English, the word “sweet” is very common. According to the Oxford Dictionary, “sweeet” mostly describes food containing a lot of sugar and pleasant smell or sound. However, in Chinese cultural background, the original meaning of the word is not suitable. Actually, it implies the rather cool movement of Curry. And also the other word “weave”. It refers to “move along by running and changing direction continuously to avoid defenders who are in his way”. Metaphor is used in the sentence in order to describe Curry’s strong and vigorous mien in the competition.

5.1.2 Coherence rule

Coherence rule refers to the fact that the translated text must comply with the intra-textual coherence(Vermeer 132). Translators should take fully into account the feelings of target audience and make sense in target communicative environment. It is the responsibilities of translators to let translated texts be consistent with the actual situation of target readers. Therefore, communicative interaction is considered to be meaningful. In the field of sports, there exist a large number of athletes, sports teams and clubs, which requires consistency. To be specific, the translation of athletes’ names, clubs’ names, international organizations’ names and some other unified names requires consistency and accuracy. Take the superstar Kobe Bryant for example, his name is well-known as “科比·布莱恩特”in Chinese. In fact, the Xinhua News Agency’s Proper Names Translation Office once translated “Kobe” into “科贝” for Beijing Olympic Games according to the origin of his name, for Kobe’s father likes to eat Kobe steaks and its pronunciation is [kobei] in Japanese. However, “科比”has become a household name in China. In the end, Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games adopted the common translation --“科比”. This translation take the psychological feelings of the mass media audience into account and confirms to the established principles.

5.1.3 Fidelity and Loyalty rule

As we all know, Nord has introduced “function plus loyalty”. Her loyalty rule refers to the relationship between translators, source text producers, target text receivers and initiators of the translation word(Nord 129). It emphasizes the communicative faithfulness to the source texts. And fidelity rule refer to the relationship between source texts and target texts. Different styles of sports news have their own intention, some strict and precise while some humorous and jocular. So in the process of translating English sports news into Chinese, translators should try their best to keep the original style and meaning of the texts. However, what need to be paid attention to is fidelity and loyalty rule also call for some adjustments because of clauses and long sentences in English. For example, the defining story of the NBA offseason could have been LeBron James’s triumphant return to his home state to heal the hurt of his previous defection. But while that homecoming dominated the early days of the summer, the predominant theme has now shifted from a reunion to a rift. And here is the translated text. 整个NBA休赛期，大家谈论的都是勒布朗·詹姆斯的荣归故里。重回克利夫兰骑士队的他发表声明称，他想弥补当初出走迈阿密热火队给家乡造成的伤害。然而，正当他“回家”的新闻充斥着整个夏天的同时，一个重要的事件，将这个“团聚”的话题瞬间变成了“裂痕”。This passage just includes two long sentences, so it is hard to translate it word by word. If so, it’s not coincident with Chinese expression. In this translated text, some common trans-editing skills are adapted, such as addition, reformation and literal translation plus meaning explanation. There exists a difficult point in the original passage -- “his previous defection”. So the translator explains the specific event to make the target receivers clearer.

5.2 Translation strategies for translating English sports news

In English sports news translation, the most important purpose is to enable the Chinese readers to grasp the key viewpoints and information of the English texts at the fastest speed as well as with the least obstacles. Therefore, translators should flexibly adopt appropriate translation methods and strategies to make the translated texts readable and acceptable for Chinese readers.

5.2.1 Literal translation

Generally speaking, sports news mainly states and records the basic situation of sports events, so literal translation is the most direct way to achieve information exchange. From the perspective of functionalist translation theory, literal translation is neither word-for-word translation nor free translation, but somewhere in between. That is to say, when translators do their work in translating English sports news, they can make some adjustments to keep the target texts more smooth and logical according to the meaning of the source texts. Literal translation respects the intention of source texts and also accords with Chinese usage. In this way, Chinese readers can have the same feelings with what the original texts convey. For example, James, according to sources, rehabbed four to five hours per day through strength and agilityexercises while he was sidelined and even took naps in oxygen chambers to try to aid in the recovery process. 据消息人士透露, 詹姆斯在休战期间每天都会花上四至五个小时进行力量训练和敏捷性训练，甚至在氧气房中小憩，试图促进恢复过程。 In this sentence, the translated text adequately refers to the original text and conform to Chinese expression, just adjusting clauses position slightly.

5.2.2 Liberal translation

Liberal translation is also called free translation. It is a translation method that only maintains the content of the original text, not the form. On the basis of functionalist translation theory, in terms of cultures and environment, there exist differences in source language and target language. It is normal for translators to make deletion and addition to the original texts in order to express the core idea to target readers. English sports news is relatively concise, objective and straightforward. When English sports news is translated into Chinese versions, unique linguistic charms and profound sentiments of Chinese can increase to attract and infect Chinese readers and reach a nice effect. For example, after giving Rose his pep talk, Gibson grabbed the loose ball after Devin Booker lost it on Phoenix"s next possession. With the shot clock off and the crowd on its feet, Rose calmly dribbled down the clock against Mikal Bridges before pulling up and hitting the final shot. 在给罗斯鼓劲打气之后，吉布森抓下德文-布克控丢的球，随着时间一秒一秒流逝，看台上的观众都站了起来，罗斯冷静地运着球，面对米卡尔-布里奇斯的防守，在他做出反应之前命中了最后一球。In Chinese version, it lays emphasis on the result, that is, Rose hit the final shot, so the translation converts the prepositional phrase into the main sentence. If it is translated in this way -- 在投进最后一球之前，罗斯面对米卡尔-布里奇斯的防守，冷静地运着球 , it’s not conform to the logical thinking of Chinese.

5.2.3 Adaptation

Adaptation, also called trans-editing, is a special means of sports news translation, aiming at different purposes of different target readers . The translators have greater access to change the form and the content of the original texts for achieving functional intention. However, adaptation is also a controversial translation strategy. On one hand, Eugene A. Nida, who put forward functional equivalence theory, holds that trans-editing is not a traditional translation strategy but can only be regarded as a kind of cultural translation strategy suitable for cultural purposes. On the other hand, Nord is fond of trans-editing. In her article, she once pointed out that adaptation will be a common phenomenon in translated texts, because it is the most appropriate means to achieve functional purpose. Sports news seems to be convenient for entertainment and enjoyment among people, but in fact, it still has a strong sense of competition and contains deep emotions. Therefore, appropriate adaptation is particularly important for English sports news translation. Common adaptation techniques include addition, omission, reformation and literal translation with explanation.

6. Conclusion

This thesis is based on functionalist translation theory, mainly analyzing four principles -- skopos rule, coherence role, fidelity and loyalty rule, which should be abided in the process of translating English sports news. Beyond that, three translation strategies are proposed in light of functionalist translation theory, that is, literal translation, liberal translation and adaptation. On the practical side, the examples discussed in the paper show that this translation theory and these strategies mentioned above are suitable for English sports news translation. According to functionalist translation theory, the most important thing of a successful translation is to achieve communicative purpose, so it requires translators to attach more importance to the differences of cultural background and logical thinking between English and Chinese audiences. All in all, in sports news translation, translators should put communicative purpose in the first place and upgrade professional knowledge, and then reproduce the information to Chinese readers.

By the way, there are some limitations appearing in this thesis. Firstly, the examples mentioned mainly stem from websites and television not newspaper. Secondly, the limitation of my ability is another defect. My expression in English is not as idiomatic as that of other wonderful writers, unable to make my points very precise and vivid. The thesis just can make a little contribution to English sports news translation.

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