论文总字数：37952字

摘 要

网络语言的呈现使得人们的语言行为发生了一定的转变，因为网络发展水平和语言的不同，英语和汉语网络语言的构词方法也有差别。本文首先介绍了网络语言的发展背景。在分析探讨了英汉网络语言的主要造词方法及实例后，对两者造词方法上的相同点，如构词的随意性、缩略趋势及运用谐音和不同点如借词使用、文化差异等方面进行了比较。分析网络词汇的构词法，不仅可以促进网上交流，而且有助于我们更好地认识语言结构体系发展变化的趋势。

关键词: 网络语言；构词方法；比较；网上交流；趋势

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Review 1

2.1 Definition of Network Language 1

2.2 Research on Network Language at Home and Aboard 2

3. World-formation of English Network Language 4

3.1 Compounding 4

3.2 Derivation 5

3.3 Homophony 6

3.4 Abbreviation 7

4．World-formation of Chinese Network Language 8

4.1 Homophony 8

4.2 Abbreviation 10

4.3 Reduplication 11

4.4 Loanwords 11

5. Comparasion on Word-formation 12

5.1 The Similarities 13

5.2 The Differences 14

6. Conclusion 16

Works Cited 18

1. Introduction

Information is exchanged on the Internet through various ways, mainly by characters. Since the advance of network, network language has entered into people’s sight. Emergence and extension of network language not only display vitality of languages, but also are a challenge of traditional expressions. “Social changes will inevitably cause changes of languages.” (Guo Xi, 1999: 67) With rise of network, network language, a tool of communication, serves for people’s life step by step. Therefore, more and more exploration is exerted on network language. Research of Internet words and analysis of their construction rules can help get access to network communications, promote the development of Internet and benefit our precise grasp of the phenomenon of new language and better comprehension of shifty trend occurring in linguistic structure and system.

The thesis mainly elaborates some typical method of word-formation and shows a comparison between English and Chinese network words, which will be useful for others to do some researches in this field. It is conducted in six parts. The first part is about the background of network languages and then definition and category of network languages are presented. In the third and forth part, several methods to create words on English and Chinese network languages are illustrated respectively. In the last but one part, comparison of English and Chinese network word-formation is analyzed and the last part is an overall conclusion of the whole paper.

2. Literature Review

2.1 Definition of Network Language

With the rapid development and wide utilization of Internet technology, human beings have been on the threshold of a new era, which is known as network communication time. It is easily found that the development of languages has a strong connection with the revolution of transmission medium, which offers good chances for the development of the network. However, so far, there is not yet a precise definition about network language in academic field. Generally speaking, “As product of the times, network la nguages are communicative symbols in the course of information exchanging and management on the Internet. ” (Qi Xiaojie， 2001：14) It can be classified into two levels: broad sense and narrow sense. In Liu Haiyan(2002:37) and Qin Xiubai’s(2003：2) view, network language falls into three language compositions. The first part is terminology related to computers and Internet technology. For instance, Chinese translation of hardware, firewall and database are “硬件”, “防火墙”, “数据库”. Secondly, terms related to cyber culture, like netbar, hacker, E-business, can be translated into”网吧”,”黑客”,“电子商务” correspondingly. The third kind refers to special terms employed in computer-mediated communication. Frequently-used words like w8（wait）, coz（because）, PITA（pain in the ass）in English and “潜水”，“打铁”，“菜鸟” in Chinese are all excellent examples. This language constituent contains many expression signs： “：-）”（smile）, “：-Ｄ”（laughter）, “：-(”（depression） and so forth. By and large, linguists tend to classify expression signs into vice language. The above is network language in a broad sense while only the third category is called network language in a narrow sense. Collot and Belmore (1996:14) regard network language as a “new variety of language” while Crystal. D, a famous linguist defines network language as “an alternative to ‘Weblish’ , ‘Netlish’, ‘cyberspeak’, ‘electronic language’, ‘electronic discourse’, ‘interactive written discourse’, ‘computer-mediated communication’ (CMC), and other more cumbersome locutions (Crystal，2001:18) ” .These variants of formations are chiefly influenced by the development of Internet technology and business expansion of mobile phones. Further progress of Internet technology will contribute to diversified forms of cyber termination and increasing variations of network language.

2.2 Research on Network Language at Home and Aboard

“With the popularity of the Internet and an increase of the number of netizens, the network language as a new social dialect, duo to its special features, especially the change of words, has caught the wide attention from all sectors of society.”(Wang Yanfang, 2008：72) Jin Huishu and other intellectuals believe that network language is the target of social linguistics study, among which network language is the object of new words and phrases. In China, works like Dictionary of Chinese Network language, Outline of Network language, Network language, are all involved in a comprehensive collection of materials and discussion of research. Some scholars studied word-formation on the basis of lexicology while others took three aspects into account, including inventing features, symbols and comparison. With pragmatic ideas, Xiao Yue analyzed “cyber abbreviations by realistic examples to prove that development of network words has infused fresh blood to daily communication and technical terms. Relative works expose that network language people refer to mainly means words on the Internet, namely Internet language” (Xiao Yue, 2010:109) .

Language and Internet, written by David Crystal, is the first international work composed by essential linguists on network language. In this book, David researches the nature of impact which the Internet is influencing on language. And “There is nothing really spectacular, provocative, or unexpected in Language and the Internet, but it offers a survey that is lively and accessible while solid and reliable.”(Danny, 2002) When it comes to the research of communication in CMC (computer mediated communication) and chatroom, many people have paid their attention to the new field. Susan Herring, professor in University of Texas at Arlington, has edited a book named Computer Mediated Communication: Linguistic, social, and cross cultural perspectives, in which a tentative research of linguistic features of CMC has been done.

These research achievements, at home and abroad, show that when we talk about network language, it mainly indicates the network words, particularly refers to those words that emerge and develop along with network. Both procurement and evolvement of English and Chinese cyber vocabulary are based on traditional languages, so inventing methods of words in the past still exert vital impacts. However, determined by freedom of network, cyber vocabulary will not enrich itself totally according to traditional ways to create words. Sometimes, it forms words in an irregular manner. In order to clarify these questions, we will comparison conduct classification and cop on the main word-formations employed by English and Chinese network language, for the purpose of providing references in this domain.

3. World-formation of English Network Language

As a new network terminology in the Internet age for human, its coinage method appears on the basis of modern English word-formation and is also in accordance with the rules of English word-formation structure. "The structural features of English network language are formed by some common nouns by using the traditional word derivation, compounding and abbreviation." (Guo Fengqin，2006：134) This part mainly discusses word-formations of English network language, including compounding, derivation, homophony, and abbreviation. These word-formations not only have traditional ways but also have unique aspects of the Internet age.

3.1 Compounding

“Compounding is a word-formation by arranging two or more words in according to certain sequence.” (Lu Guoqiang，1983: 36) This becomes compound words when it is used on the network language. In this real-time network communication, it has been widely accepted by using a word compounded with two or more words together to represent something new. In accordance with statistics, “compound words in English network language account for 20.7 %”( Lin Jiejun，2005: 27). In terms of the degree of integration, compounds fall into three categories:

1) A new word is formed by two words without space or hyphen between them. (Solid compounds)

For example, clickstreams is compounded by “click” and “streams”, which means the time of mouse clicking; cyberslacker means staff who surf or chat on the Internet during work time etc.

2) Two or more than two words are combined by hyphen to make a new word. (Hyphenated compounds)

The word “user-friendly” is used to refer that something is easy to use. It is easy to know these words meaning, for instance, back-hack, baby-sister, mother-tongue, virtual-reality, cut-and-paste, etc. However, some words are still difficult to understand. For example, bait-and-switch, to set some keywords to attract net users to click; hunt-and-peck, to type in a very slow manner; word-of-mouse, the rumor spread by email.

3) Two words loosely unite. (Open compounds)

Though it is separate in form, it is combined in meaning, for example, chat room, walk man, hot line, reading material and so forth.

Generally speaking, compounds constitute three types:

1. compounds nouns:

broad band→broadband(宽带) mother board→motherboard(主板)

free box→freebox(免费邮箱) Sun day→Sunday(星期日)

soft ware→software(软件) chat room→chatroom(聊天室)

1. compounds verbs:

out put→output (输出) proof read→proofread (校队)

down load→ download（下载） up grade →upgrade（更新）

1. compounds adjectives:

remote-controlled  (遥控的) virtual-reality（虚拟现实）

Compound words contain a large quantity of vocabularies, which hold the very great proportion in the English Internet words, and also make Chinese produce a large number of new words in accordance to its semantic meaning.

3.2 Derivation

Derivation refers to add affixes to the root, such as prefix or suffix, which is also more frequently used in the English network language. Besides, conversion, a special kind of derivation, equals zero derivation. “Conversion is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.” (Yang Zhong，2002：132 ) Those widely used affixes of English network language are following categories:

Tab.3.1 Derivation in English Network Language

Conversion

Google

e.g. You can google it.（你可以谷歌一下。）

Twitter

e.g. Do you Twitter today?(你今天微博了吗？)

3.3 Homophony

A homophone refers to a word pronounced like another word but with a different meaning or spelling (Oxford Advanced Learner"s English and Chinese Dictionary, 2004:712). In this economic-based network communication, people neglect to use the right word under the input limits and thus a large number of homophonic words appear. Meanwhile, we can know that economic configuration guidelines in the language development of the network communication are more prominent. To those who do not go online frequently, it’s hard for them to understand these network languages. There are mainly three kinds of homophony in English network language:

1) Digital homophony

1=want

2=to/too → me 2 = me, too I 1 2 to go. =I want to go.

4=for →4 ever= for ever

Gr8=great l8r=later

Good9=good night

2) Letter homophony

U = you R=are UR=your C=see B=be

C U= See you. I C =I see. Ur name =your name

R U OK? =Are you OK?

3) Code-mixing homophony

B4=before 4U =for you U2=you, too

It’s up 2 U. = It’s up to you.

I 1 2 B with U. =I want to be with you.

C U L8R. =See you later. F2F=Face to face

The number of these kinds of homophones in English is limited; however, they are frequently used by netizens. Another kind of homophony, for instance cuz (because), gonna (going to), wanna(want to), laf (laugh) and so forth, is worth to mention, whose number is still limited. Moreover, it is still a dispute that whether this kind of words belongs to homophony by different scholars.

3.4 Abbreviation

Before the network languages appear, English abbreviation has already existed. From then on, there is an extensive use of abbreviation. Abbreviation makes English vocabulary more dapper, its morphology more concise, and more convenient to use. It can meet netizens requirements of exchanging messages quickly. This kind of method mainly constitutes two types:

1) Acronym

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