Literature Review As a communicating tool, no matter in China or in western countries, wine-drinking plays an essential part in public relations. A number of discussions have been put from many points of view. Yang Tingting#8217; s paper ”Comparison of Wine Culture between China and Western Countries” stresses that before analyzing the concrete differences, it is more important to have an understanding of what wine culture really is. It holds that wine culture is a culture created in the process of producing, selling and consuming. In her opinion, Confucian School contributes to Chinese wine culture. Firstly, people see wine-drinking as a way to pursue their ulterior motives. Bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages drinking means that they are eager to find asylum. Secondly, wine can create arts. There were many fabulous Chinese poets or artists who crafted their masterpieces after getting "drunk". For example, Li Bai, a famous poet in Tang Dynasty, is known as the "Immortal of Wine" because of his love for alcohol. When it comes to western countries, she holds that wine culture and the legend influence each other. Wine is considered as a gift given by Wine God to people and it is the symbol of harvest. In a word, she thinks that Chinese wine culture belongs to collectivism, whose emphasis is on friends#8217; gathering and enjoying. However, western wine culture belongs to individualism. The people always enjoy themselves and regard drinking as one kind of art. Many wine culture differences have been discussed around the world. Yang Tingting writes in her paper that there are great differences among the types of wine. First of all, white wine and yellow wine are typical Chinese wines, while grape wine plays an important role in western countries because of the effect of geographical environment and agricultural culture. White wine made from sorghum, which is mainly composed of the distillation of wine, and the degree of alcohol is about 30 degrees or so. Yellow wine is usually made from rice and the alcohol degree is about10~25degrees. The alcohol degree of grape wine is about 8 to 15 degrees. In ”Brief Analysis of Chinese and Western Wine Culture in Social Activities” written by Liu Yina and ”Comparison of Wine Culture between China and Western Countries” written by Yang Tingting, both of them present the different etiquettes when drinking wine. Wine is a medium to understand the culture of different countries. Different etiquettes used in different occasions can help people realize their different social status and perform their duties to maintain social order and harmony. Knowing the etiquettes of drinking can reduce the misunderstandings in social activities and promote communications among peoples. In Chinese culture, the basic elements of wine etiquettes include ruler and subject, older and younger and also the lord and the guess. These etiquettes usually are reflected by seat arrangement, the choice of pouring, service sequence and the toast and drinking manners. On the contrary, in western countries, people are more careless about the etiquettes while drinking wine. In fact, most of their attention are paid to expressing their respects to wine. Having a good time and enjoying the good things are more important to them. In addition to all of the above, Yang Tingting holds that drinking and religious significance are closely related. The Wine God of Greek mythology, Dionysius, found wine producing method and taught people how to make wine while spreading his faith by the way of traveling around the world at the same time. Moreover, there also exists great differences concerning the purpose of drinking wine. Yang Tingting points out in her paper that Chinese tend to pay more attention to the effect that wine will take during and after drinking instead of the understanding of wine itself. Wine not only can make one relaxed, but also can reduce the pain and light the hope in people#8217;s heart. Being used as an approach to communicating for such a long time, wine has a deeper meaning in Chinese social activities. While western people also believe that wine is one of the most precious part in their life, what matters to them is much simpler#8212;pursuing a better enjoyment of wine itself. In ”Comparison of Chinese and Western Wine Culture”, S. Tsze also express the same meaning: Chinese wine culture is mainly focused on the diverse effect brought by drinking wine rather than the theoretical analysis and appreciation of wine itself.