1．目的及意义
The creation of the Chinese image has experienced a long historical process. At the very beginning, the origin of the Chinese image is from imagination, not the author's real contact with the Chinese.
At that time, the image of Chinese was basically timid, insensitive and stupid. It has formed a stereotype in American writers’ works, which even accepted by the whole foreign literary world. As for this kind of image, it is no doubt that it contains a certain degree of racial discrimination. Dr. Fu Manchu is a typical representative, which is a figure first created by the English novelist Sax Rohmer, and it has become the symbol of Chinese for a long time in history.
Then, the Chinese were called “Yellow peril”, because foreigners once saw the yellow skin of the Chinese people, and saw their preference for the color- yellow. This kind of image in that time is totally one-sided, or it can be said to be a fabrication.
Later on, with the discovery of geography, links between countries and regions become more frequent. On one hand, foreigners have a certain contact with Chinese, they know the image of ethnic Chinese by themselves. On the other hand, China has reached a higher international status in the world, the Chinese have a chance to show their true characteristics in front of foreigners instead of being a slave or labourer. So Charlie Chan became the mainstream representative of the image of ethnic Chinese at that time who is a detective : righteous, insightful and full of mystery. However, as we all know, Charlie Chan is also a fictional character who just reflect a small part of the characteristics of Chinese.
From the above representations, we can make a conclusion that the image of ethnic Chinese has been changing. In different periods, it has different implication. It is for this reason that analyses on the image of ethnic Chinese are helpful for us to correctly grasp the progress of its development. Meanwhile, they have a great significance for us to understand the current image of ethnic Chinese.
As for the current research situation at home and abroad, we can find that the papers related to this kind of topic are all about the living situations of ethnic Chinese in foreign countries, the cultural conflicts in Chinese American families and the status of the female images of ethnic Chinese. As a whole, these papers can be divided into three types:
1)Focus on specific topics, such as generation gap in Chinese American families, cultural conflicts and reconciliation, female protagonists images and female writings of Chinese American writers.
2)Choose different angles, some writers choose to analyse the image of ethnic Chinese from the author’s dual cultural identifies, others choose analyse the changes of the image of ethnic Chinese based on different theories such as hermeneutics and reception-aesthetics.
3)Stand on the opposite keynote, papers related to this topic have two main keynotes, one is that the image of ethnic Chinese in foreign works is incorrect and is full of racial discrimination. The other is that these foreign works depict the true living situation of Chinese who live in foreign countries.
This thesis will focus on analyses on image of ethnic Chinese in China Men. Furthermore, it will discuss two novels of the same name, one is written by Maxine Hong Kingston, the other is written by Jack London. This topic is not new but this analytical method is new. Analyses on images of ethnic Chinese in these two China Men will give us a chance to find out the difference between the two novels, to figure out the main factors the author takes account when he is depicting one image of ethnic Chinese by analyzing them in detail. Meanwhile the literary significance and practical significance of this brand new structure of image of ethnic Chinese which is first used by Kingston will be discussed in this thesis. This kind of analyses is helpful for us to grasp the historical process of the development of the image of ethnic, to explore the behind reasons why in different stages, image of ethnic changes a lot and to point out the possible developing direction of the image of Chinese in the future.
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2. 研究的基本内容与方案

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This thesis will focus on analyses on image of ethnic in China Men. First of all, it will discuss two different novels of the same name (one is written by Maxine Hong Kingston while the other is Jack London’s) to find the differences when they create the image of ethnic Chinese. Second, this thesis will analyse the image of ethnic Chinese in both the two novels in detailed from four aspects to find out the special writing techniques they used in creating these Chinese American images. These four aspects are point of view, keynote or theme, depiction of characters and their attitudes toward the relationship between the ethnic Chinese and the white ruling class. Third, this thesis will try to find out the reasons why the two writer create image of ethnic Chinese in two different ways besides the writing skills. Finally, it will focus on Maxine Hong Kingston’s innovation or recreation of the male Chinese American to explore whether it is related to the author’s dual cultural identifies.
In order to find out why different writers have different attitudes in the process of creating the image of ethnic Chinese, the author will read these two novels in detail and the author will compare them with other writers’ works related to this topic. It can be said that the image of Chinese in Kingston's China Men is very different from that of previous foreign writers and Chinese writers. This thesis also want to read Kingston’s China Men carefully, analyse the features of Chinese image in this novel to find out the originality and innovation of Kingston in describing the image of ethnic Chinese. Meanwhile, this thesis wants to grasp the historical process of the development of the image of ethnic and explore the behind reasons why in different stages, image of ethnic changes a lot by analyzing. Finally it wants to point out the possible developing direction of the image of Chinese in the future.
As for analytic method, the first step is to read the original version of the two novels carefully, with the help of different translation versions to understand. After understanding the content of the novel, this thesis will compare different papers related to this topic to know others choices of theme and analytic angle. Finally, this thesis will form its own content and frame. All in all, the analytic methods are text analysis and contrastive analysis.
3. 参考文献
[1] Fatima Mujcinovic. Self-Expression and World-Expression: Critical Multicultural Literacy in Maxine Hong Kingston and Sandra Cisneros. CEA Critic. 2014(1): 98.
[2]Julia H. Lee. The Railroad as Message in Maxine Hong Kingston’s China Men and Frank Chin’s “Riding the rails with Chickencoop Slim”. Journal of Asian American Studies. 2015(3): 265.
[3] Kim,Elaine H.Asian American Literature: An Introduction to the Writings and Their Social Context. 1982.
[4] Linton,Patricia.‘"What stories the Wind Would Tell‘:Representation and Appropriation in Maxine Hong Kingston‘s China Men". MELUS . 1994
[5] Maxine Hong Kingston.China Men.New York: Vintage International. 1989.
[6] The Chinago. http://www.jacklondons.net/writings/God Laughs/chinago.html . 2013.
[7] Timothy Pfaff.Talk with Mrs.Kingston. NewYork Times Book Review . 1980
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