1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

Literature Review This chapter consists of three sections. Section 2.1 gives brief explanation of the translation of public signs. Section 2.2 provides the theoretical basis. Section 2.3 introduces the evaluation of the existing empirical studies on the translation of public signs. 2.1 Brief explanation of the translation of public signs in scenic spots Public signs in scenic spots refer to road signs, signboards, slogans, warning signs, brief introduction of scenic spots and names of scenic spots, etc,which are published in the scenic spots for public notice, hint and warning. Theoretically speaking, the translation of public signs should be faithful to the cultural connotation of the original text. Therefore, the translation of public signs in tourist scenic spots should not only enable foreign tourists to understand signs or brief introduction in the scenic spots, but more importantly, to convey the unique culture through language in a more attractive way. Secondly, cultural communication is carried by language. Therefore, the translation of public signs should not only be accurate in terms of words, but also make the translated text have a literary beauty and give foreign tourists a lot of imagination, so as to enjoy more and greater pleasure in the tour. However, it is not clear whether the translation of public signs in practice can meet these criteria at the same time. Local culture is the memory left by the common life of one or more ethnic groups. Through the crystallization of the habits and thinking mode of the ethnic group, the culture reinterpreted is unique, ethnic and pure. As foreign tourists grow up in an environment with different languages and cultures, it is difficult to find the translation of language equivalence and cultural meaning in a language or culture. Therefore, it is not easy to achieve accurate standards in practice. This research aims to deal with English translation of public signs for foreign tourists, which include the guide signs, instructions, attractions guide, introduction and so on. Due to poor foreign language proficiency of translators, lack of sufficient cross-cultural awareness or poor foreign language proficiency of personnel in the licensing unit, from the translation to the finished products of the brand may lack the spirit of excellence, or in addition to some relatively easy to find out the low-level mistakes, many failures are identified due to cultural differences. Incorrect transfer of mother tongue leads to Chinglish and pragmatic failures. For example, basic language errors include: spelling, vocabulary errors, collocation errors; Language failure, inconsistent translation criteria, and all these problem are identified and need to be corrected. 2.2 The Eco-translatology Theory The concept of eco-translatology was proposed by Hu gengshen, a Chinese scholar. "It's a kind of an ecological approach to translation", or "Translation studies from an ecological perspective. (Hu gengshen, 2008:13) Scholars who hold the view of ecological translation will define translation as "The translator adapts to the selection activity of the ecological environment". The ecological environment is not only the language environment, but also the world of the original text and the world faced by the translator in culture, communication, society and other aspects. It can be seen that ecolinguistic translation studies put translation activities in a broader perspective, not just limited to the perspective of linguistic equivalence. From another emphasis on the translator's adaptation and selection, it can be seen that eco-translatology emphasizes the translator as the center status. Eco-translatology is a new approach to the essence and process of translation, which also provides a new translation method, as well as translation principles and translation criteria for the translator. When the translator translates, it is necessary to start from "three dimensions" (language dimension, communication dimension and culture dimension) to make translation text can achieve the degree of multi - dimensional transformation. 2.3 Related studies 2.3.1 Studies on translation of public signs As is known to all, public signs performing functions of directing, prompting, restricting, and compelling, play a significant role in guiding foreigners to live and tour in China more comfortably and conveniently. Many scholars have engaged in this field and conducted various researches on the public signs translation. The English translation of the public signs has already been researched from different perspectives. Some scholars focus such information about the public sign as the definition, the functions, the characteristics, the language style and some problems or errors in the current English translation of the public signs and then put forward some principles, strategies or procedures on the English translation of the public signs in practice(Wang Bi, 2017). J. Thomas put forward the concept of pragmatic failure in the context of Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure in 1983. Pragmatic failure refers to the people of different cultural background in language communication because of the different speech patterns or expression habit, to have some misunderstandings or obstacles in the cross-cultural communication so that influence the effect of communication(Thomas J, 1983). Shu hui juan believed that the original text is relatively fixed, no matter whether it can be correctly interpreted or whether the words in the translation are wonderful or not, it is up to people. Therefore, from the perspective of ecological translation, the process of translation should be an alternating cycle of translator's adaptation and selection(Shu hui juan, 2010). In conclusion, previous studies on the translation of public signs in scenic spots have played an important role in regulating the quality of public signs. Through these studies of the principles and methods of the applicable public signs, there are many things that can be borrowed from these papers, so as to deepen the study of public signs. 2.3.2 Studies on translation of public signs from the perspective of Eco-translatology Recent years, some studies have been conducted to discuss the translation of public signs from the perspective of the Eco-translatology Theory. Many scholars believe that the ecological environment of translation is generally a "world" represented by the original text, the target language and the source language（Hu Geng shen, 2008). Xiao le(2014) considered that Chinese public signs are characterized by directness, brevity and conciseness, and most public signs are completed by imperative sentences. Western culture often attaches importance to rational analysis and form perfection. For this reason, English public signs are characterized by preciseness, specificity and accuracy, which pay more attention to objective thinking and occasionally use euphemistic imperative sentences. Therefore, in many cases, English public signs are mostly characterized by humanization and humanistic care. And in order to translate public signs well, we must understand the language style of English public signs, which must be clear at a glance and express its meaning clearly in the limited space. English public signs usually use capital letters to attract the attention of readers and the language should be formal. Moreover, westerners like to go straight to the subject, so translators of public signs should enhance the awareness of the target audience, and pay attention to the fact that the English translation should conform to the thinking mode, language expression habits and characteristics of English public signs of the target audience (Wang qin Zuo wei, 2012). Through previous studies, many researchers have laid a theoretical foundation for the study of public signs in scenic spots. From the three dimensions of language, culture and communication, the linguistic characteristics of public signs and the transformation of cultural thinking mode are clearly elaborated. What#8217;s more, examples are illustrated in these papers to point out the direction for future studies. On the basis of the previous paper, this paper will further analyze how to integrate the local conditions and customs of Nanjing on the premise of correct and beautiful use of public signs, so that more foreign tourists can not only have a more comfortable experience when visiting this scene, but also experience the unique local conditions and customs, cultural habits and hospitality of Nanjing, highlighting the local and national characteristics. So this research will make a deep analysis on translation of public signs and hope to bring some recommendations or suggestions to improve the application of translation of public signs . Content Abstract Introduction 1.1 Research background 1.2 Research purpose and structure of the thesis Literature review 2.1 Brief explanation of the translation of public signs in scenic spots 2.2 The Eco-translatology Theory 2.3 Related studies 2.3.1 Studies on translation of public signs 2.3.2 Studies on translation of public signs from the perspective of Eco-translatology Methodology 3.1 Research questions 3.2 Data collection and analysis method Results and discussion 4.1 The translation of public signs in Xiaoling Tumb of Ming Dynasty 4.2 The reasons for the problems in the translation of public signs in Xiaoling Tumb of Ming Dynasty 4.3 Solutions to translation problems of public signs in Xiaoling Tumb of Ming Dynasty Conclusion 5.1 Major findings 5.2 Research limitation and suggestion for further study Reference Reference [1]Intan Safinaz Zainudin., Norsimah Mat Awal. Translation Techniques: Problems and Solutions[J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences.2012:328-324 [2]Thomas.J.Cross-cultural pragmatic failure [J].Applied linguistics,1983 [3]Wang Bi.Translation Methods of Chinese Public Signs[J].International Conferences on Social Science and Technology Education.2017:96-100 [4]LV Hai-xia.,FENG Shi-ya.A Pragmatic Analysis of Public Signs in Chinese-English Translation#8212;Based on the Example of Shaoguan National Forest Park.Overseas English.2018:81-83 [5]胡庚申.生态翻译学解读[J].中国翻译.2008,(6):11-14 [6]肖乐.生态翻译学视阈下的外宣英译策略#8212;以公示语翻译为例[J].湖南社会科学.2014,(3):198-200 [7]束慧娟.生态语言学视角下的公示语翻译#8212;以上海世博会主题标语为例[J].上海翻译.2010,(2):39-42 [8]章彩云.从文化认知视角看旅游景点的跨文化文本建设[J].中州学刊.2010,(4):262-264 [9]万华.公示语翻译：问题与规范#8212;以某5A景区公示语英译为例[J].上海翻译.2017,(3):38-45 [10]罗建生，许菊，舒静.西部地区旅游景点公示语英译问题的调查[J].中国民族大学学报.2014,(3):166-171 [11]桑龙扬.旅游景点名称翻译的原则与方法#8212;以庐山等旅游景区为例[J].中国科技翻译.2011,(4):47-49

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

Methodology This part will be divided into two parts. Section 2.1 elaborates the research questions. Section 3.2 introduces the data collection and corpus analysis method. 3.1 Research questions This paper will take Xiaoling Tumb Of Ming Dynasty as an example to study the English translation of public signs, including signage, scenic spot language, scenic spot name and scenic spot introduction in the scenic spot, and study the obvious errors in the translation that need to be improved from the three dimensions of language, culture and communication in ecological translation. The research questions are as follows: （1）Can the translation of public signs in Xiaoling Tumb of Ming Dynasty meet the three criteria of language, culture and communication in ecological translation? （2）What causes the translation of public signs to fail to meet the three criteria of ecological translation? （3）How to solve the problems of translation of public signs in Xiaoling Tumb of Ming Dynasty ? 3.2 Data collection and analysis method The researcher is going to take a field trip to the scenic area, and to gather the English translation of public signs, including signage, scenic spot language, scenic spot name and scenic spot introduction in the scenic area through photographs, transcripts. The corpus collected in this paper is analyzed according to the three dimensions of language, culture and communication in ecological translation. Language dimensional transformation refers to the translator's adaptation and selection of language forms in the process of translation. This transformation can occur at different stages, levels and aspects of the translation process. Cultural dimension transformation means that translators pay attention to the transmission and interpretation of bilingual cultural connotation in the process of translation. It focuses on the differences in nature and content between the source language culture and the target language culture, so as to avoid misinterpreting the original text from the perspective of the target language culture. Communicative dimension transformation refers to the adaptation and selection of the translator's attention to the communicative intention in the process of translation. It requires the translator to focus on the communicative level and pay attention to whether the communicative intention in the original text is reflected in the translation in addition to the conversion of language information and the transmission of cultural connotation. then analyze it through the three-dimensional angle of ecological translation, and by looking at the relevant information, she will seek professional guidance and help to make the investigation more accurate and professional.